نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 51 (تابستان 1401)

In fiction, the motif can be a stylistic element and reveal the dominant theme or themes to the reader. Women writers make the most of this linguistic option and, in addition to creating constant sensitivity in the reader, direct the text to a specific artistic language. Shiva Arastuei's novel "khof" (=Fear) is one of these examples that deals with the "loneliness" and "fear" of man in modern age and expresses a feminine narrative of this loneliness and fear. In this article, we intend to examine the most important motifs in the novel "khof" and show what concepts the author has expressed in this way. These motifs are also characteristic of a feminine style in that they express the sensibilities of a female writer. The method of this research is "descriptive-analytical"; That is, first, data from the novel "khof" is described, and then, based on them, an analysis is performed and leads to a summary.

Every glorious poem has a dominant idea that overshadows the whole work. The poet hides this idea in the form and structure of a sentence or a word. He then artistically marks some words so that the audience can identify the dominant idea through them. Has Simin Behbahani used this artistic function in the poem "I was that day ..."? It seems; To get the right answer, the benefit of Michael Rifater's theory of semiotics is more than any suitable theory. Due to this similarity, the present article has examined Simin's poetry based on the semiotic theory of this thinker and with a descriptive-analytical method. After examining the non-prescriptive elements, the results indicate that there are accumulations with the meanings of "snake", "laughter" and "fear" with a high frequency in the poem. After examining the descriptive systems with the approach of metaphorical clusters and with the nuclei of "traditional society", "demonic temperament" and "quasi-modern society", the hypograms of poetry were identified, the most important of which were: the symbol snake The demonic temperament of human beings and in patriarchal systems is most manifested in the existence of the male sex. Also, the comparison of accumulations, descriptive systems, and hypograms with the intertextual approach created the following structural matrix in the minds of the authors: The demonic temperament of a patriarchal system in traditional societies through folk games, oppression. It inspires girls. In a quasi-modern society, the teaching of oppression continues with modern methodses.

Discovery and intuition is one of the principles of the school of Romanticism, according to which the romantic artist travels in his inner worlds, recounting what he sees. The inner course of mysticism is also found in discovery and intuition and is one of the mystical components that can be compared to the school of Romanticism. In this article, the poetry of Sohrab Sepehri  in connection with the romantic characteristic of his discovery and mystical intuition has been studied.This study shows that Sepehri has used the principles of Romanticism in his descriptions and his mystical thought has been mixed with his romantic thoughts. With a romantic fantasy, he seeks mystical discovery and intuition by emphasizing (poetically me) relying on individual romanticism. In this revelation, with a different view from other poets, he has a positive and romantic view of the whole world and tries to take the person caught in the material world from the material world and the problems of life to the mystical utopia. In his resemblance to the school of Romanticism, attention to naturalism, love, loneliness, the negation of reason, travel, and the utopia are the hallmarks of the most romantic components in his intuitive descriptions. But compared to this school, he does not have a negative attitude towards romance. There are no negative features of romance in his poetry, such as the expression of pain and sorrow, the description of sad scenes, the pessimistic view of the world.

Positive psychology is one of the newest branches of psychology. This particular field of psychology focuses on human success. While many other branches of psychology focus on abnormal and disordered behaviors. Positive Psychology focuses on helping people to live happily and satisfactorily and purposefully. This approach emphasizes the effect of purpose in life and living a meaningful life - which is beyond the good life - and considers it as one of the principles of happiness. Seligman is a psychoanalyst who in the theory of positivism pursues the goal of flourishing a purposeful and valuable life by creating conditions that nurture and enhance human capabilities. He is for people who do not know their abilities and capabilities. Provides advice and strategies for creating a meaningful and purposeful life that can also be explored in the field of mysticism. Scholars of literature and mystical literature using educational and religious teachings that are related to the psyche and interior of human beings. By cultivating the growth of human capabilities and virtues, they try to change human states, from contradictions and conflicts, and prepare the ground for human flourishing in different stages of life and create purpose and meaning in human evolution and valuable life. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and using religious teachings, examines Attar's poems and adapts them to the theory of semantics in positivist psychology in providing ways to achieve peace and mental security of contemporary man. Attar and Seligman's human mission is to be a beacon for themselves and a seeker of light in their being. The seeker tries to know the meaning of life and to reach the core of his existence, to understand the passion and intoxication of existence, and this means to achieve genuine happiness and well-being that makes a purposeful person feel calm, secure and valuable.

Literary works of the Awakening and post-constitutional period have many social and political aspects and can be critiqued from a sociological point of view. One of the effective methods in criticizing literary texts, especially short stories, is sociological critique. In this method, the relationship between the structure and content of the story with the situation and changes in society is examined and how the artistic reflection and representation of society in the imaginary world of literary work is criticized and analyzed. The history of this kind of research and application of this method in Iranian short story criticism has proved the effectiveness of sociological criticism in short story criticism and study. Short story as a form of fiction was formed in Iran around 1300 AH by people like Jamalzadeh and continued its development along with literary currents. The first generation of short story writers, while getting acquainted with this emerging phenomenon, were able to create remarkable works and each of them followed a specific style that in the future, laid the foundation of Iranian short stories. In this research, the author has come to the conclusion through analytical-descriptive method and based on the theoretical framework of social criticism that the short story, like any other literary phenomenon, has continued to live in line with society and socio-political currents. Influenced and influenced by the community. Therefore, examining the content of this type of literature can be a new approach in the field of social studies.

Research in ancient narrations requires both interpretation and comparison with the theories of the current century. In the perspective of ancient man; Narratives, stories and legends have been one of the most entertaining norms of human beings. Apart from the validity of the first narrations, the payment of narrations in the path of culture and civilization has had a significant application.Most of those narrations; Today, like metaphors, it is referential and has led to the creation of new stories and can be critiqued based on the tools of narrative, adaptation, balance and intertextuality.In this research extracted from the dissertation; In the framework of narratology and using comparative literature, the origin of ancient narration has been studied, which is somehow related to contemporary narration. Also The result of this research is the introduction of ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Sumerian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Greek, Persian, Indian, Japanese and Chinese works.Eventually the results show that the ancient texts are among the structuralist works due to the nature of narrative and the use of narrative elements of structuralism and storytelling techniques.

TalebAmoli m[1] is one of the prominent and famous poets of Iran in 11th century AH. All of his poems have been corrected and published.Intheintroduction to poems of Taleb, the sources that have been used to correct and compile it are mentioned. After that, by studying this issue, some scholars have proved that the poems collected in the poems of Taleb were not available according to all sources.While reviewing a work called "The Anthology of Poetic and Prose," authors of this article have found new poems by TalebAmoli.TheAnthology of Poetic and Prose has been written by an anonymous author and is kept in Islamic Consultative Assembly library with No. 8982. In this anthology, the poems of several poets have been collected. In terms of content, this anthology deserves attention due to its newly found poems.The existence of newly found poems by TalebAmoli and other poets confirms the richness of anthology. Also, mentioning poems that are not mentioned in other sources adds to the value of this work.The present research is a theoretical study done in library rstyle. The authors have first dealt with the character of TalebAmoli and secondly with the newly found return tie from him.In this way, this great poet's position will be known and presenting 103 newly found verses in form of a return tie, which has not been mentioned in other sources today, help complete the book of poet.
 
[1]As known TalibAmuli

constitutional literature with emphasis on Seyed Ashrafuddin Gilani and sacred defense literature with emphasis on Kaiser Aminpour. Constitutional literature, with regards to the individual and social worldview and the atmosphere of their historical period, each used from the concept of homeland in their poetry. Homeland has many concepts in constitutional literature. All poets of this period has emphasized on patriotism, fighting against tyranny and colonialism, homeland development, nostalgic look at Iran before Islam in their poetry. The concept of Islamic homeland is also found in the poems of some poets. In the literature of sacred defense, Climatic Homeland, human homeland, Islamic homeland and patriotism, can be seen in the works of the most of the poets of this period, especially in Kaiser Aminpour works. For the realization of this research, we first referred to sources that were about the homeland. In this context, these two concepts have been examined both in classical literature and in the present age literature for a detailed understanding. In the meantime, as these two are a part of social categories, the sociology of literature and especially the sociology of Persian literature were studied separately. On the other hand, constitutional and sacred defense literature are intimately linked to the actions, reactions, events, and changes of their age and they come from historical periods. Therefore, in order to better understand these two literatures, we studied the Constitutional Revolution and the Islamic Revolution and the cause of them and the quality of their process.

Horse is one of  famous animals which has a special place in human's life, especially in ancient  and old era and has been very respectful . In culture of ancient Iran, Horse and tool related to it have grown along with human and we can always see  and watch trace of this  beautiful animal. In Ferdowsi epopee, face  of  horse  has  a special and effective aspect  because of  its  epic  jussive  and  Ferdowsi  has  inserted  this  jubilant  animal  in  his thought and   imaginings.  In  this  inquiring,  horse  has  been  compromised  as  an  effective  and very important  animals  in  Iranian's  life ,calure and  visage  of  this  animal  has  studied and showed  in  Ferdowsi  epopee,  which  its  result  is  Toos  sage's  attention and notice a lot to  role  and  credit  of  this   very important and beautiful animal  to  Iranian  people  and  its  perception and understanding of  auspiciousness  in  consideration and thought of  Iranian life.

The role and importance of all kinds of rhetorical sentences in transition of theosophical concepts is very significant, and Molana like the other famous theosophists in order to teach and express theosophical experiences and emotions, has employed various linguistic tools like rhetorical sentences with spiritual concepts. It is obvious that rhetorical sentence is one the most important elements of theosophical language. In the present paper, it has been tried to diversify these sentences in great Masnavi through library and analytical methods; by studying the use of interjection methods which are the most important categories of rhetorical sentence. According to each of the spiritual meanings, the view of experts is analyzed and collected. Spiritual meanings of interjection of the second book of Masnavi according to frequency, are as follow: reverence and admiration, punishment and reprehension, guidance and training, praying and praise, supplication and litigation, prohibition and regression, abhorrence and disgust, kindness and affection, wondering and notification. The author also intends to separate various kinds of interjection which have their own spiritual meanings and phrases that come with interjection which contains the secondary meaning. Accordingly, the new categories are presented.