نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 33، بهار 1401)

The environmental challenges of businesses are one of the most important and worrying issues that currently all societies face. Rural businesses are not only an exception to this rule, but also have a significant position due to the greater connection and dependence of rural communities with the environment and natural resources. Therefore, the present study has assessed and analyzed the green status of rural women businesses. The statistical population included rural women with business in Rey county (246 people) and experts in this field (70 people). The sample size was determined using the Cochran's formula, including 202 rural women and 50 experts. A simple random sampling method was used to select the samples. Data collection tool was two researcher-made questionnaires and in addition to descriptive statistics, indexing method based on weighted average was used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that the green index for the business of rural women in the study area is 2.77 (out of five) and most businesses are among the relatively to less green business, and only about 17% of businesses are green. In order to develop the green level of the rural women's businesses, it is necessary to support of the entry of young and more educated people in such businesses, supporting handicrafts business-based businesses that are inherently greener, and finally, to improve the green level of current businesses, emphasis should be placed on indicators such as the use of renewable energy, which are currently less considered.

Today, villagers face problems such as unemployment, low agricultural productivity, increased migration to cities, and marginalization. Rural tourism can be effective in solving these problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the challenges of rural tourism from the perspective of rural experts and tourism activists in the Aras Free Zone. To conduct this research, the qualitative method (Thematic Analysis Method) has been used. The sample was purposefully selected by snowball sampling method, which included 24 people. Goba and Lincoln evaluation method was used to ensure the validity and reliability of the research. The collected data were analyzed using MAXQDA software. The results show that villages with tourist attractions in Aras Free Zone face challenges such as social vulnerability, lack of proper policy-making, weak infrastructure, lack of investment, insufficient financial support for tourism business, weak information network, seasonal tourism, inadequate supervision of executive plans, lack of Research, poor security, low participation of villagers and tourism organizations, damage to traditional village architecture and environmental degradation.

In recent years, entrepreneurial efforts in the public sector have received less attention than other approachesTherefore, the purpose of this study was to present a model of entrepreneurial attitude in the public sector. The present study is an applied goal that has been done with a qualitative approach. The team participating in this study includes experts from the Institute of Labor and Social Security and managers of the General Department of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare of Golestan Province, who were selected by purposeful method. In the interview with the 19th expert, the interview process was saturated due to the lack of new concepts. Findings show that there are eight components: entrepreneurial performance management at the first level, entrepreneurial management and entrepreneurial culture at the second level, entrepreneurial perspective, entrepreneurial strategic thinking and entrepreneurial attitude at the third level, and support for entrepreneurial governance and infrastructure at the fourth level. The elements of level four, namely "governance support" and "entrepreneurial infrastructure of the organization" have the greatest impact on determining the entrepreneurial attitude. These elements influence the "entrepreneurial perspective", the "entrepreneurial attitude" and the "entrepreneurial strategic thinking". These factors, in turn, affect "entrepreneurial management" and "entrepreneurial culture." Ultimately, this model leads to "entrepreneurial performance." Therefore, the government or government organizations should have special training programs on thinking. By changing the insights and attitudes of individuals and equipping them with specific knowledge and skills, a potential entrepreneur can become an actual entrepreneur.

One of the most important issues in the extension programs is evaluation of effectiveness.Accordingly, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of extension programs in the model sites, in Land Reclamation Project in Khuzestan and Ilam Provinces, Kirkpatrick evaluation model was used.The statistical population of the study consisted of the farmers in these sites (N= 5000), out of which 453 people determined as sample using Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and simple sampling technique. Questionnaire was the main tool of study in the first and third levels (Reaction and Behavior) and a "test" in the second level (Learning). The validity of the questionnaire was approved by the judgment of a panel of experts. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach Alpha coefficients were calculated for the main scales of the questionnaire.The data were analyzed by SPSSwin22 software.The findings revealed that respondents' satisfaction with teacher was higher than organization and content dimensions.Also, the highest satisfaction was from livestock sites and the lowest from date palm sites.The results of measuring the "learning level" indicated that there was a significant difference between the scores of the farmers in the two stages of pre-test and post-test and the post-test score was higher than the pre-test score. The results of measuring the "behavior level" revealed that, "Nutrition" techniques were more usable than other techniques. In addition, respondents' satisfaction with date palm sites was lower than other sites. Generally,farmers' satisfaction with extension activities was appropriate and their knowledge and skills had been improved significantly.

Given that agriculture is the second economic resource of Iran; therefore, the development of agribusinesses can increase productivity, value creation, and social welfare in society. In this regard, considering that identifying opportunities is one of the important stages of the entrepreneurship development process, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and categorizing opportunities for starting agribusinesses in Masjed-Soleiman County. This qualitative research was performed using the Delphi technique. The members of the Delphi panel included 20 agricultural experts and entrepreneurs in Masjed-Soleiman County, who were purposefully selected using the snowball technique. Data analysis was performed using content analysis methods, continuous comparison and also, calculation of frequency distribution tables, agreement percentage and Kendall coefficient in the form of SPSS software version 27. After three rounds, 30 opportunities to start agribusinesses were identified in Masjed-Soleiman County. After rewiring the nature and origin, the opportunities identified in the four categories of "opportunities in the field of agriculture and horticulture", "opportunities in the field of animal and aquatic sciences", "opportunities for design and packaging of agricultural products" and "opportunities for production and processing of agricultural products" Were classified. The results of the ranking showed that "cultivation of medicinal plants", "fish farming in the margins of Masjed-Soleiman dams in cages", "packaging of livestock products such as curd and other similar products" and "processing of medicinal plants" are the most important opportunities for starting agricultural businesses in The city was Masjed-Soleiman County.

Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying, evaluating and exploiting new business opportunities, and identifying these opportunities is based on an intuitive approach. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting organizational entrepreneurial intuition which has been done as a case study in Bank Melli Iran. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method, which was done with a mixed exploratory approach. The statistical population in the qualitative stage was 30 academic and organizational experts who were selected by judgment and snowball method. In the quantitative stage, all managers and heads of branches of Bank Melli Iran were 3476 people, the sample size according to Krejcie and Morgan table 346 The sample was determined and simple random sampling method was used. The Delphi method was used to identify the factors and the structural equation modeling method with Smart PLS3 software was used to analyze the relationships between variables. Delphi results showed that the factors affecting organizational entrepreneurial intuition include 42 components in seven dimensions (intuitive cognitive style, risk-taking, intuitive expertise, intuitive insight, opportunity recognition, ambiguity tolerance, intuitive judgment). Also, the results of structural equation modeling showed intuitive cognitive style (0.387), risk-taking (0.406), intuitive expertise (0.410), intuitive insight (0.395), opportunity recognition (0.322), ambiguity tolerance (0.341) and intuitive judgment (0.359) have a positive and significant effect on organizational entrepreneurship intuitions in Bank Melli Iran.

Social competence is one of the important capabilities for entrepreneurship that enables communication with others. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationship between social competences and female agricultural students' entrepreneurial intention at University of Tehran. The target population of the study contained of all M.Sc. female students in agriculture faculty of Tehran University, from which 63 students were selected by using SPSS Sample Power software. Simple random sampling was employed in selection of the respondents. A questionnaire was developed to gather data. Validity and reliability of the research instrument were confirmed based on the evaluation of a panel of experts and Cronbach alpha coefficient, respectively. The results indicated that the social competence and entrepreneurial intention of students in most cases were either low or intermediate. The finding of correlation analysis revealed that there was a positive significant relationship between collaborative competence, empathy competence, persuasion and impression management and students' entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, the results of structural equation modeling revealed that there was a positive significant relationship between social competence and students' entrepreneurial intention. The agricultural education system, in addition to teaching hard competencies or skills, should also pay special attention to cultivating students' soft competencies, including social competence.

The present study is designed to optimize the process of issuing agricultural licenses in the field of heavy livestock. The statistical population of the research consists of two parts: applicants and experts. In the applicant’s section, 100 people who had applied for and obtained licenses in the provinces between 1997 and 1999 were selected, and in the expert’s section, 100 representatives of the key agencies involved were selected. Were. The research method for this study was the focus group. The work was based on group meetings and structured interviews. In this method, first, the current status of the process of issuing heavy livestock licenses, obstacles and problems from the applicants 'point of view, were identified, and then the favorable conditions from the experts' point of view were introduced, and finally solutions to the problems were counted. According to the results, the main problems were: 1) Issuance of licenses in different provinces does not have a fixed procedure 2) The registration process is done without a preliminary check to qualify. 3) The window system is not a smart unit. 4) There is no transparency in laws and regulations. 5) The institutions involved are not compatible with each other and with the single window system. 6) Expert visits are frequent and unnecessary. Some of the suggested solutions are: 1) Talent identification of different areas for agricultural activities before registering the application in the system. 2) Perform all steps in the intelligent system and in an integrated manner.