نشریه پژوهش های جغرافیای سیاسی
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، زمستان 1400)

The creation of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is one of the first countries to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries of British and British power in Tsarist Russia in the 19th century and during the Great Game to prevent a direct confrontation between the two powers in Central Asia. They set up a barrier between themselves and established the country's political borders through several treaties. Meanwhile, the Durand Line and the issue of Pashtunistan are very important because the developments in Afghanistan after the signing of the Durand Line entered a new phase that over time and major changes such as Britain's withdrawal from the subcontinent and India's independence not only failed. With the advent of Pakistan and the conflict of interest between the two neighboring countries, the complexity of events has increased and continues to this day. The present study, using descriptive-analytical methods and citing reliable library sources, seeks to examine the role of major powers such as Britain and Russia in shaping Afghanistan's political borders, especially the Durand Line, and its negative consequences for Afghanistan and its role in creating differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The results show that regional and supra-regional powers, especially Britain, played a role in shaping Afghanistan's borders, and Durand's mystery is one of the leftovers of British-Indian colonialism, which has now become a source of discord between Afghanistan and Pakistan and its negative consequences. To Afghanistan has included land closures and lack of access to open waters, support and rise of political instability in Afghanistan, global insecurity, the collapse of the social system, and so on.

The phenomenon of climate change or climate change is one of the important issues of international organizations and its member countries. Attention to this phenomenon has been on the serious agenda of the United Nations for the last two decades. In a new approach to security studies, critical school theorists seek to create new meaning for security issues.In this context, the absence of war and military confrontations between countries does not in itself provide international peace and security, and new forms of security threats such as economic, cultural, environmental, etc. have been created.Environmental security has now replaced the threat of nuclear war. Given the importance of the phenomenon of climate change as one of the important dimensions and security concerns in the field of international relations, the question that arises in this paper is why and how the phenomenon of climate change and Has airspace become a security issue at the United Nations? The main hypothesis of the authors is that the phenomenon of climate change with the increase of human security threats, which is beyond the traditional dimensions of security (military, nuclear) has become a new form of cooperation and conflict between countries in the United Nations. Library data collection addresses the effects of climate change on various aspects of UN security and action in this area.

Iranian society has been involved in various types of political conflict in the last century. It has been the subject of different studies; however, the less addressed issue is the gender aspects of the political conflict in Iran, especially in the post-Revolution era. The current article seeks to investigate the role of gender in shaping political conflicts of the era. The question that has been addressed is to what extent has the post-revolutionary gender atmosphere in Iran affected political conflicts? the subject of research has been investigated using the geopolitical concepts of gender and gender space based on the works of Pierre Bourdieu, and using the historical method. The findings show that the gender-related fault in Iran has become active and has gradually increased in-depth as a result of the events followed by revolutionary developments as well as demographic changes and along with the process of globalization. The public policy-making emerged from the post-revolutionary ideological space, defined women as "others" who were banned from entering many public spaces because of their gender. The process of legitimizing women's rights also focused on controlling the female body and imposing a set of arrangements and conditions that women were forced to accept and observe only because of their gender. The factors led to the creation of an unequal homosexual discourse in which women mentally identified themselves as potential victims. Therefore, they reproduced themselves and waged a peaceful struggle to redistribute existing power and values. Hence, it looks like gender will become one of the major components of the conflict in the future of Iranian politics.

Part of the conflict in relations between countries relates to boundary disputes. Tensions and conflicts in the maritime boundary regions are one of the types of conflicts. There have been numerous cases of boundary tensions on the African continent from the past to the present. One of them is the maritime boundary regions conflict between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on Lake Albert. In the boundary regions of the two countries, the main conflict is in the region of Lake Albert and on the boundary line drawn inside the lake, as well as shoreline erosion and a change in the direction of the Semliki boundary river south of Lake Albert. This research is a causal research that uses descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and the geopolitical theory of boundary and territorial conflicts to study the boundary conflict between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on Lake Albert and analyze the causes of insecurity in this region. The study seeks to answer the question, what are the main causes of conflict in the maritime boundary regions of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo? The results show that there are various causes of conflict and tension in the boundary regions of the two countries in Lake Albert; the most important of them include 11 main causes in the dimensions of identity, governance, history, boundary demarcation, river diversion, environmental and so on.

In recent years, the emergence and complex connections of terrorist groups in Africa have become a growing concern at the national, regional , and even international levels. In this regard, these groups often reinforce conflicts and instability between border countries based on religious, political ,or economic motives, gaining power, territory , and control of innocent people. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the Boko Haram terrorist group on the development and security of the Nigerian-Cameroon border region in answering the question: What are the factors affecting the destabilizing activities and security threats in the Boko Haram region along the Cameroon-Nigeria border in West Africa? The present study, which has a descriptive-analytical nature and the required data and information collected in a library method in the form of the postcolonial theory of border studies, is based on the hypothesis that Boko Haram can take advantage of factors and areas such as marginalization. Poverty, corruption, injustice, the failure of the federal government, and permeable borders to exert control and power over the region impose a very extremist approach to Islam in parts of northern Cameroon, Nigeria, southern Chad, and Niger. The results showed that benefiting from the strategy of cooperation and concluding defense agreements between border countries while strengthening regional security and supporting fragile economic bases can be effective in deterring and reducing future attacks and terrorists so that governments have border states. They must commit to strategic cooperation treaties and establish long-term border security arrangements to curb the expansionist plans of groups such as Boko Haram.