نشریه تحقیقات منابع طبیعی تجدید شونده
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 36، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Oak gall wasps among food chains in the Zagros forest ecosystem are highly dependent on these trees. The gall wasps of the Cynipinae subfamily with 1380 species create the most attractive herbaceous plant galls with a very complex structure in the world. In this study, the distribution and diversity of oak gall wasps species, the samplings of oak gall wasps species based on the sexual and asexual generations were carried out in May and October of the year 2019, respectively. The collected gall wasps from Ghasem-rash, Shalmash, and Kani-rash regions were transferred to the laboratory by paper envelopes. 50 galls of each type were collected separately and placed in breeding containers that were closed with a net and could be properly ventilated. Shannon and Simpson diversity and uniformity indices as well as species richness were also calculated. In this study, 22 species of gall wasps, belonging to the genera Andricus, Chilaspis, Cynips, and Neuroterus (5 species of sexual offspring in spring and 17 species of asexual offspring in summer-autumn) were identified. The number of 18, 14, and 15 oak gall wasps species were collected from Ghasem-rash, Shalmash, and Kani-rash, respectively. Neuroterus numismalis was the most abundant in all regions. The highest species richness of the oak gall wasps species was recorded in Ghasem-rash. The calculated indices of species diversity and uniformity were the same in all regions and did not have significant differences.

Trees are one of the most important and largest carbon reservoirs in forest ecosystems and measuring and estimating carbon reserves in different organs of trees is one of the most important research topics for ecologists. The aim of this study was to estimate the monetary value of aboveground carbon sequestration of tree species in Chitgar forest park. Based on a systematic random sampling method, a total of 100 circular sample plots were collected in a grid with dimensions of 100×100 m. In each plot, species type, diameter at the breast height, and the height of trees were measured. Allometric equations were used to estimate the carbon sequestration of different tree species. The analysis of variance and Duncan tests were used to compare carbon sequestration between different species. The results showed that the mean carbon sequestration in Robinia pseudoacacia, Malus sp., Pinus taeda, Fraxinus sp. and Juniperus sp. were 4.58, 1.92, 58.31, 2.08 and 0.86 ton/ha, respectively. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the mean carbon sequestrations between different species. Besides, the results also showed that the above ground sequestered carbon was 67.76 tons per hectare and in the whole studied area with 800 hectares, the sequestered carbon was 54212 tons. The economic value of carbon sequestration in Chitgar forest park was calculated at 1.37 million EUR.

Protection of biodiversity is considered one of the global concerns and it needs to manage forest as a complex ecosystem and its vital role in conserving biodiversity have been widely acknowledged. The microhabitats of tree habitats were accurately determined based on the scale lines in a selective manner and the method selected by Lario et al. The measurement parameters including slope, height, moisture content, temperature, light, and soil texture were measured and consequently the environmental factors affecting micro-habitats were investigated using Pc-ordwin software version 4.5 and multivariate analysis (CCA) test. The results showed that in the control parcel, temperature was directly related to light, slope, height, and soil texture, and the average of light, height, soil and positive correlation in this parcel is more than managed parcel, while in the managed parcel it is opposite. The tree microhabitats in the managed and unmanaged parcels have been created under different environmental conditions. According to the results of the CCA and depending on the type of management measures, the forest can be directed towards the type of management by increasing or decreasing the mentioned environmental factors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the usability of pruned branches of Lagerstroemia spp. as a lignocellulosic substitute for particleboard manufacturing. In this study, the pruned branches of Lagerstroemia spp. were used at three levels of 20, 30 and 50% in weight and press temperature at three levels of 160, 170 and 180 °C, and the amount of adhesive at two levels of 8 and 10 were considered as variable factors. The results showed that the flexural properties (MOR and MOE) and internal bonding were decreased by increasing the amount of pruned branches of Lagerstroemia spp.‎ in the final board composition, while the amount of water uptake and thickness swelling were increased after 2 and 24 h of immersion. On the other hand, all mechanical and physical properties including flexural properties, internal bonding, water uptake and thickness swelling were improved by increasing the amount of adhesive and press temperature, after 2 and 24 hours of immersion. Finally, the results showed that the ratio of 40% of the pruned branches of Lagerstroemia spp.‎ can be used in combination with industrial wood chips to produce particleboard.

Drought occurrence is more than wet years in the North of Iran, while no specific climatic trend has been observed in the region in terms of declining precipitation in the years leading up to recent decades. In terms of spatial pattern, the occurrence of droughts and wet years did not follow a specific trend and mostly did not have special synchronicity and coordination between different regions of the province. In this study, the intensity of hydrological droughts in the rivers with a snowy-icy flow regime in Mazandaran province was studied and classified (weak, severe, and very severe) by sequence theory method with the standard index of minimum flow of 30 days. The independence of the hydrological behavior of the rivers, especially in drought status, the differences in the topographic and physical attributes of watersheds, the independence of the minimum discharge threshold in drought conditions, and consequently the difference in the microclimates caused that this index was different even in different seasons of the year. The very severe intensity index of the Chalous river was -1.486 in the autumn and this index was -0.743 in Cheshmeh Kile river with a similar hydrologic regime and at the same time, in the regional analysis, it was possible to express the classification index of the very severe intensity of hydrological drought in the snowy-icy flow regime was -1.385 in the autumn.

Pests are one of the most dangerous factors in the development and cultivation of Poplar. These trees are severely reduced in terms of quantity and quality of the wood products and suffer severe damage due to the damage of harmful insects. This study was conducted to collect and identify important poplar pests in three plantations located in Urmia, Salmas and Khoy and their demographic changes by sampling Poplar pests using methods such as light trap, net trap and direct capture. In each plantation, 30 trees were sampled and the species richness of the poplar pests was calculated by the rarefaction method and their species diversity was calculated using Shannon and Simpson diversity indices. The important identified pests were: dusky clearwing (Paranthrene tabaniformis Rott.), Chaitophorus populi L., puss moth (Cerura vinula L.), Amorpha populi (L.), poplar spiral gall aphid (Pemphigus spirothecae Pass.), Melanophila picta (Pall.), Monosteria unicostata (Muls.& Rey), poplar woolly aphid (Phloemyzus passerini Sign.), Melasoma populi (L.), Capnodis miliaris (Klug.), and poplar minnow moth (Lithocolletis populifoliella Tr.). The values of diversity and evenness indices calculated in all three regions did not have a significant difference at the level of 5%, which showed the climate did not affect these indices. The poplar minnow moth was considered to be the most destructive pest of the poplar cultivations in West Azerbaijan and its activity on various poplar colonies was significant.

Exploitation of dam reservoirs is one of the major problems in the management of water resources. In this context, artificial intelligence algorithms are used as a useful tool for optimizing. Crow algorithm is used in the current research for the first time to exploit reservoirs. Also, results related to the exploitation of a single-reservoir system to meet low dam’s requirements were compared to particle swarm and genetic evolutionary algorithms. Time reliability, volume reliability, vulnerability and reversibility indices were used to select the preferred method. Also, a multi-criteria decision-making model was used to select the preferred method. Results showed that the crow algorithm’s is close to the problem’s absolute optimal response so that the average of responses in the crow algorithm is 99% of absolute optimal response. Besides, except time reliability index, the crow algorithm has better performance in the rest indices compared to particle swarm and genetic algorithms. Also, the coefficient of variation of obtained responses by crow algorithm compared to genetic and particle swarm algorithms are 14 and 16 times smaller, respectively. The multi-criteria decision-making model revealed that compared to two other algorithms, the crow algorithm has the first rank and high potential in solving reservoir exploitation problem.

Water shortage is one of the most important and fundamental crises in the country, which in addition to environmental problems, has also occurred in the social and security fields. Investigating the water crisis in different areas is necessary to predict the defensive measures needed in management and to prevent social consequences. The present study was conducted using GIS and participatory analysis of factors affecting the creation and intensification of water crisis in Boenzahra city. For this purpose, first information layers including drought, soil categories, rate of evapotranspiration, average annual rainfall, surface geological outcrops, distance from permanent rivers, discharge rate or discharge of deep wells The user was prepared and standardized using a triangular fuzzy function, and the final layer of water crisis areas was generated using a linear weighted integration function. The results showed that the three main components of water discharge through deep wells, evapotranspiration and population density in the city are the most important factors involved in creating and exacerbating the water shortage crisis. Also, three water crisis floors were identified in the city, the middle risk class including the northern parts of Boenzahra city (area of 1016 square kilometers and about 34% of the total area of the city), the second floor or critical areas of water resources Which covers most of the eastern and central areas of Boenzahra city (39% of the city area, which is equal to 1155 square kilometers) and the third floor or areas in crisis (its area is about 830 square kilometers and 27% of the city area).

The Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) is one of the most ecologically, economically, socially and protectively valuable species whose serious exploitation is seriously threatened, and afforestation and reforestation of these forests is essential. In this regard, more knowledge about seed planting methods and creating optimal conditions for the production of healthy seedlings is necessary. The present study was a factorial experiment with two factors: seed planting time at two levels (December and March) and seed planting method at three levels (direct sowing, soaking seeds in water for 48 hours and sowing seeds in water for 72 hours), in Completely randomized design with 4 replications and 10 pots per replication was done in Ivan nursery located in Ilam province. The results of analysis of variance showed that for the main effect of planting time, survival traits, survival percentage, seedling vigor, stem length and stem dry weight were significant at 1% level and for collar diameter traits, root length was significant at 5% level. Also, for planting method, all traits except collar diameter and root length had a significant difference at the level of 1%. The results of mean comparisons with Duncan test showed that the seeds sown in December were better than the seeds sown in March for all germination and vegetative traits of seedlings. The results of mean comparisons showed that among the different methods, seeds that were soaked in water for 48 hours before sowing were better than other seeds in terms of germination and vegetative traits. In general, the results of this study showed that December is the best time of seed planting and soak the seeds for 48 hours before sowing can be the best planting method for Iranian oak seeds.

AbstractNutrition or enrichment is an important issue in all aquatic ecosystems of the world and wetlands are one of the most sensitive habitats to this problem and assessing the trophic status of a wetland is the first step in assessing its quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the water quality characteristics and nutritional status of Ainak wetland in Rasht using the Carlson trophy index. The area of this water zone is 36.5 hectares and its water supply source is rainfall and urban wastewater and Sefidrud river. This wetland is located in the west of Rasht metropolis and consists of four different parts. In order to determine the physicochemical factors of water in each section of a station, sampling and sampling from autumn 1396 to summer 1397 were performed seasonally in them during a year and the annual average of the factors showed that: water temperature 3 times / 18 ° C, pH equal to 7.21, Water soluble oxygen 2.75 mg / L, BOD59 / 10 mg / L, COD42 / 24 mg / L, TDS25 / 733 mg / L, total nitrogen 21.5 mg / L, chlorophyll A 0.062 mg / L, total phosphate 0.95 mg / L, depth Disk visibility was 0.35 meters. The average annual Carlson trophy index of this wetland was determined based on the depth of viscous disk viscosity 76.78, total phosphate 99.80 and chlorophyll A 69.74. It has a fundamental action to improve nutritional conditions.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary BetaPlus® Ultra (BP Ultra) probiotic on fecundity, fertilization, hatching, larvae survival rates and interval times among continuous spawning in the Angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare). For this purpose, three experimental diet treatments were applied to Angel brood stocks as follow: an ornamental commercial diet without BP Ultra (control diet), the commercial diet with 5g BP Ultra per kg food (treatment 2) and the commercial diet with 10g BP Ultra per kg food (treatment 3). Four replicates were used in this trial. In this study, 12 pairs of spawning Angel fish has been kept in 12 aquariums with 50 liters volume, in 28 ± 1°C. Feeding were two times a day. The highest fecundity with average of 450.3 eggs were observed in treatment 3 and the highest hatching rate and larval survival rate respectively 95.80 and 94.75 were observed in treatment 2 which were significantly different from the control (P≤0.05). The shortest interval times between continuous spawning with average of 5.56 days was observed in treatment fed with 10g BP Ultra per kilogram diet which was significantly different from the other treatments. In summary, it can be concluded that using BP Ultra with 10 g per kg diet can make a positive increasing in reproductive performance in Angel fish.

Groundwater quality assessment can be very important in managing these resources and planning for the future. This research aims to monitor the groundwater quality of the Dehroud-Tange Eram plain in Bushehr province in southern Iran using the water quality index (WQI). Therefore, 10 groundwater sources in the plain have been selected and their water quality has been measured from the years 2013 to 2020 in two seasons, dry and wet. The water quality index has been calculated using pH, TDS, total hardness, nitrate, sulfate, bicarbonate, chloride, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. The results of the study showed that the best water quality index with an average of 142 belongs to well number 5 (close to Tange Eram village) and the worst water quality index with an average of 789 belongs to well number 10 (near Dehroud village). A comparison of zoning maps drawn using the Kriging method shows that wells near Tange Eram have better quality. As we move towards the village of Dehroud in the southeast of the aquifer, the quality of groundwater has decreased.