Journal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning
Volume:2 Issue: 5, Summer 2022

A large amount of evidence shows that oxidative stress plays a central role in hypertension pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to examine effect of aerobic training along with Garlic on oxidative stress index in obese women with high blood pressure.

In this clinical trial study, 36 postmenopausal obese women with hypertension were purposefully and accessibly selected from Sari and were simple randomly divided into four groups Control (C), Aerobic Training (AT), Garlic (G) and Aerobic Training +Garlic (ATG). The training groups participated in a progressive aerobic training for eight weeks, three sessions a week (55% to 65% of the reserved heart rate and for 30 to 55 min). The groups of G and ATG were provided 1000 mg of garlic supplement for eight weeks (After breakfast and dinner). Two days before and after the protocol, blood samples were taken in fasting state. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA at p<0.05.

The results showed that the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P=0.0001) decrease significantly in the experimental groups. Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P=0.001), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (P=0.000) and catalase (CAT) (P=0.001) in the experimental groups increased significantly compared to the C group. The amount of SOD, GPx and CAT in the ATG group was significantly higher than the AT and G group (p≤0/05).

It seems that AT and G has interactive effects on reducing Oxidative Stress in obese women with high blood pressure.

Nesfatin is a key regulator of glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of glucose, sucrose and fructose intake following acute high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on plasma levels of nesfatin, insulin and glucose in young males.

32 sedentary young males (21.9±2.3 yrs, 77.5±8.9 kg) were assigned into four groups (n= eight per group): glucose, sucrose, fructose and control or water groups. Subjects completed 4×4 min interval running with 90-95% maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 3 min active recovery with 65-70% HRmax between each interval. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after exercise session. Immediately after the second blood sampling, carbohydrate liquids (1.5 g/kg glucose, fructose, sucrose and water) were consumed by the subjects in different groups. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA test and SPSS-24 software.

Results indicated that there was no significant difference between groups for Nesfatin (p=0.519) and glucose (p=0.062) levels; but, there was a significant difference between groups for insulin levels (p<0.001). Bonferroni multiple comparison corrections as a post hoc test showed a significant difference between water and glucose, water and sucrose, glucose and fructose, and sucrose and fructose groups in 30 and 60 minutes after HIIE (P<0.05).

with respect to the present study results, acute carbohydrate supplements (glucose, sucrose and fructose) don’t affect nesfatin response following exercise. Therefore, it seems that nesfatin doesn’t affect acute exercise-induced metabolic status response to different carbohydrate supplements in healthy subjects.

Some researchers attributed the positive effects of exercise training on secretion of different myokines from skeletal muscles. Acute exercise lead to changes in gene expression and phosphorylation that stimulates muscular adaptation. However, one bout exercise isn’t adequate to change muscle phenotype and phenotypic adaptation to training consists of aggregation stimulation of one bout exercise sessions Decorin is new discovered myokine that its changes in response to exercise such as high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is unknown. It seems that Decorin has effects on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, the aim of present study was investigated the effect of one bout high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on serum levels of decorin and IGF-I in active young male.

For this purpose, 10 active young males with mean age of 25.4±2.36 voluntary participated in this study. The subjects took part in HIIE protocol in 10 am and after 3 hours. HIIE protocol consisted of four minutes' intervals with 90-95 percent of maximum heart rate that between each interval, 3-minute active recovery with 60-70 percent of maximum heart rate performed. The subjects heart rate during HIIE protocol was monitored by polar belt. Blood samples were collected immediately after exercise, subsequently IGF-I and decorin levels were measured by ELISA method. In order to data analyzed, SPSS software version 24 and paired t test were used and significantly level was considered p<0.05.

The results indicated that decorin and IGF-I increased significantly after exercise (p≤0/05).

It seems that some HIIT-induced adaptations partly are related to increase in decorin levels.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death in the world and its prevalence increases with age. For the purpose of cardiac rehabilitation after heart disease, performing exercise training causes functional and structural adaptations in patient’s cardiovascular system and consequently reduces mortality from related diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two methods of aerobic and combined exercise training biomechanics of blood in middle-aged patients after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery.

In this semi-experimental study with a pre-posttest design, 68 middle-aged men (mean age 56.19± 1.26 years) were studied after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery. Subjects were randomly and availably divided into 3 groups: aerobic (n =20) and combined (aerobic + resistance) (n =20) exercise training, and control groups (n =28). Subjects in the intervention groups performed 8 weeks of training/3 sessions per week. Each training session in aerobic and combined groups was considered for 40 minutes with the intensity of 70-85% heart rate reserved, and 60 minutes with the intensity of 40-80% one repetition maximum for each patient, respectively. In order to analyze the data, Leven, MANOVA and Bonferroni statistical tests were used at the significance level of P≤0.05.

The results of one-way MANOVA test showed that the levels of functional capacity, ejection fraction and maximal oxygen consumption were increased significantly after aerobic and combined exercise training compared to control group (p <0.05). However, Bonferroni post hoc test showed no significant differences between functional capacity, ejection fraction and maximal oxygen consumption post-test levels in aerobic and combined exercise training groups (p> 0.05).

the findings of this study show that both aerobic and combined exercise training can improve the heart functional variables in middle-aged patients after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery, and this improvement levels appears to be independent of the types of training.

It has been suggested that ingesting supplements decrease muscle soreness, increase muscle strength, hypertrophy, and health-related indices. This study investigated the influence of 8-week β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl butyrate (HMB) supplementation combined with a dual pyramid resistance exercise program on strength, muscle, and liver-damage indices (ALT, AST, CK, and LDH) and body mass index (BMI) in beginner bodybuilders.

A total of 40 beginner bodybuilders was randomized to an intervention group (resistance training + HMB supplementation) and a control group (resistance training + placebo) for 8 weeks. Blood samples and body measurements were taken at baseline and after the end of the intervention. The subjects were evaluated for BMI, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and leg press prior to and after the training intervention. In addition, blood samples were obtained before and after 8-week resistance training to evaluate creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (Johnson et al.) responses.

After 8 weeks of HMB ingestion, serum levels of CK (p<0.001), LDH (p<0.014), and ALT (p<0.009) of participants in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, The HMB group showed greater gains compared with the placebo group in 1RM leg and bench press (p<0.001). Regarding BMI and AST serum levels, there were no significant differences between groups.

The results of the present study showed that HMB supplementation may attenuate the resistance exercise-induced muscle and liver damage indices and have beneficial effects on muscle strength.

Aerobic training and green tea consumption affect fat metabolism via a change in several elements. Adropin is a unique hormone, which is related to fat metabolism. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and green tea consumption on adropin and lipid profiles of overweight-obese women.

32 overweight-obese non-athletes (age: 20-40 years) were included in this study and divided into four groups (n=8 each group): 1) green tea and exercise, 2) green tea, 3) exercise, and 4) control. The exercise training program was three days a week, 60% to 70% of the maximum heart rate each session, for 8 weeks. The green tea supplement dose was one 500 mg capsule of green tea, consumed three days a week for 8 weeks. BMI as well as serum levels of adropin, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL, were determined before and after the interventions. The collected data were analyzed via covariance test at a significance level of P<0.05.

8 weeks of aerobic training and tea consumption had no significant effect on adropine, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in overweight-obese women (p>0.05). However, 8 weeks of aerobic training and green tea supplementation had a significant beneficial effect on the LDL, HDL, BMI, and weight of overweight-obese women (p<0.05).

8 weeks of aerobic training and consumption of green tea significantly improved the weight, BMI, HDL, and LDL of the participants.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder recognized as one of the most common diseases in the world. The disease has also increased dramatically in Iran.Today, there are many ways to treat diabetes, one of which is the increase in the level of pancreatic beta cells. The increase in these cells is done in several ways Several studies have demonstrated that the lipasin or betatrophin gene, a liver-expressed peptide hormone, increases the proliferation of beta cells, and that overexpression of this gene can increase the number of beta cells.

The study was conducted on 16 Wistar rats with a mean weight of 160 ± 10. They were induced by diabetes (seven months of diabetes mellitus was caused in rats). They then were divided into two groups of 6: Control (C) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT). Eight weeks of exercise training was conducted on rats.The qRT-PCR technique was used to investigate changes in lipasin expression. An Independent t-test was used for data analysis, and Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation between lipasin expression and insulin resistance index (P <0.05).

The results showed that expression of lipasin gene in the liver of rats in the training group was significantly higher than the control group rats after 8 weeks of training; Insulin resistance index of plasma, plasma insulin and plasma glucose decreased considerably after eight weeks of HIIT. Between lipasin expression and insulin resistance index in rats with type 2 diabetes in the training group, a consider correlation has been observed.

This study showed that an 8-week HIIT training period, with increased lipasin expression, could increase beta cells and also recover type 2 diabetes, which had been destroyed by these cells, and as a result of this increase in Insulin secretion and there is a way to prevent the disease.