نشریه تحقیقات منابع طبیعی تجدید شونده
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1389)

The aim of this research was to investingate the effects of Haloxylon(Haloxylon persicum, Haloxylon amodendron) and Atriplex (Atriplex canescens, Atriplex lentiformis) planting on soil and vegctation cover of the region in which those spices were pluted. After identifying the regions, the three sites selected in neighbourhood are as follow: the region planted with (Atriplex spp), planted with (Haloxylon spp) and a site with native species (the average area of each site was about 340 ha). Vegetation and soil parameters were measured by a random systematic method, In each region. three 500 meter transects were established, 30 plats by the average of 10m× 10m along with subplots of 1m ×2m were selected and vegetation cover Parameters such as Percentage canopy cover , Production and percentage litter in two levels of upperstorey(shrubs) and understorey were measured. Also soil samples were taken from 0-20, 20-80cm soil depth and some parameters were measured such as pH, Ec, Sodium(Na), Calcium(Ca), organic matter(OM), Nitrogen(N), Phosphorus(P) and Potassium(K).The soft are of SAS and also Variance method was used for data analysis.This research shows that canopy cover, have been increased, production and percentage of litter. Also, analysis of chemical parameters show that planting of Atriplex spp resulted in a significant increase in pH and a decrease in Ca. planting of Haloxylon spp cause an increase in pH and decrease in Na,Ca, OM,P and N. Considering the results of vegetation cover and chemical properties of soil under planting of mentaining species in order to rangland improvement,the Haloxylon spp is proposed as a better species plant for planting as before.

Overgrazing and overall utilization of rangelands have caused vegetation and soil degradation in the most of rangelands of Iran. Exclosure is one of the rangelands rehabilitation methods, which is effective in renovation of rangelands. In order to evaluate the effect of exclosure on vegetation and some soil chemical properties, the present study was carried out at Sisab Research Station in semiarid rangelands of north Khorasn province. The Station had been exclosured for 22 year and was compared with grazed neighbor area. The vegetation cover data was collected from 30 1m 2 quadrates in each area along 3 100m transects through random-systematic method. The soil data was sampled from two depths 0-15, 15-30 cm and five composite samples was collected (each sample was a mixture of six samples) from each depth in each area. Some factors such as the organic carbon, the percentage of soil organic matters, total nitrogen, absorbable phosphorus, pH and EC were measured. The results showed that carbon, nitrogen, soil organic matters and EC decreased by grazing, but pH was increased Also phosphorus and C/N were not significantly different (P<0.05). The results of vegetation cover data showed that total canopy cover in exclosure was more than that of outside (P<0.05). Also forbs and decreasers plauts had the most vegetation cover in exclosure.

Zagros ecosystem is considered as one of the most important biological sites in the country. This ecosystem is very important in terms of size (40 percentage of total forest), flora and fauna species, genetic reserves, under story vegetation and such like. Considering the large number of traps and ranchers in this region, having the essential details and information about the plant species diversity is highly important in order to revive the vegetation in the area. For evaluation of plant species diversity and richness of herbaceous species related to physiographic factors, part of DALAB area in north of ILAM approximately 1000 ha in central Zagros forest was selected. For this study 320 plots (2×2 meter) on different aspect transect were selected and in each plots all of herbaceous and surface covers evaluated. The results of this study showed elevation had significant difference on plant species diversity and richness, low altitudes class (1600>) has the most, while the high altitudes class (1800<) has the least diversity. Results showed that aspect had a significant impact on plant species diversity and richness of herbaceous species and Plant species diversity and richness higher in south aspect than other aspect though it did not have any significant difference with regard to evenness. The results also showed that the slope had significant effect on plant species diversity and richness and heist plant species diversity and richness in <30 slope class.

The Studied region located in NW of Yazd in Yazd province. The lowest and highest altitudes of the area are 1530 and 3260 m, respectively. Average annual precipitation in ten years period (1998-2007) reaches to 98 mm that lowest and highest are 32 and 205 mm, respectively. Flora of this area includes 255 plant species that belong to 168 genera and 44 families. The important families are include : Asteraceae with 41 species (16%), Papilionaceae and Brassicaceae with 26 species, Poaceace with 22 species, Lamiaceae with 21 species ,Chenopodiaceae with 20 species, Apiaceae and Caryophyllaceae with 10 species , Boraginaceae with 9 species and Eupphorbiaceae with 6 species, respectively. Life forms of the plant species of the area include: Hemicryptophytes 94 species (381%), Therophytes 24%, Chamaephytes 18%, Phanerophytes 10% and Geophyte 10%. From the view point of chorology plants of this region include: 68.6% Irano-Turanian, 14.1% Irano- Turanian and Saharo-Sindian, 5.9% Irano- Turanian and Mediterranean, 3.9% Irano-Touranian and Mediterranean and Saharo- Sindian 3.1% cosmopolitan , 2.4% Irano- Turanian and Euro- Siberian , 1.2% Irano-Touranian and Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian and 0.8% Irano-Turanian and Euro-Siberian and Saharo-Sindian determined. From the 255 species of flora in this area, 44 species are endemic in Iran and two of these species include: Helichrysum davisianum and Hymenocrater yazdianus are endemic in Yazd.

Acer monspessulanum is one of the valuable species in the Zagros forests. One of the major problems is the nursery is the amount and frequency of irrigation.Traditionally, Acer seedlings are irrigated on a daily basis, however, so far, there has not been any scientific account specifying the exact amount of water needed for the irrigation of this specific species. Considering the importance of water as an essential factor for plant growth, especially in the early stages of growth and its impact on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of seedlings in nursery production, irrigation and its frequency and rate must be investigated in the nursery scientifically in order for seedlings to be grown with higher quality and chances for establishment in nature. In this study, some morphological features of Acer monspessulanum were investigated under different irrigation treatments 2, 4, 6, 9 and 11 days once in a temporary nursery (three hectares) in Dareh-Shahr city in the northeastern of Ilam province. Each treatment consisted of 30 pots (30 seedlings) and each treatment has three replicates. The results of this study indicates that there is a significant difference with regard to the morphologic particulars (Leaf area, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, shoot length growth, collar diameter, length and number of branches branch) between attendance of different Irrigation period and 4 days Irrigation period showed the highest mean value of morphologic particulars. This result can be considered as a highly significant one as far as the saving water in our Country and other dry or semi – dry countries. The entire sapling in 11 day Irrigation Period was dead. Percent survival and quality index of seedlings after planting seedlings in the field had highest value in In 4 days once irrigation.

Effect of surfactants and cellulose enzyme on deinking mixed office waste paper was studied. To that end, a combination of waste paper accounting for 60% printing paper and 40% copy paper was applied. Then, samples of paper pulp were deinked using four types of cellulose, Surfactant and sodium silicate. The types and the proportion of the chemicals used in the study are as follows: a) Surfactant, b) Cellulase, 0% and 0/6 % were added based on the weight of paper pulp together with a surfactant. c) Sodium silicate with the fix amount of 0/3% of the weight of the paper pulp was used in the process. Different samples of paper pulp influenced by 24 compounds comprising enzymes and chemicals were deinked and the efficiency of the materials was calculated after the process. Following that, all the paper pulp samples were turned into hand-made papers and then indices such as brightness, dirt (quality and quantity of dirt) were studied. The results showed that the type of surfactant and cellulose enzyme affect brightness, dirt index and deinking efficiency.Maximum brightness was with nonyl phenol ethoxylate and fatty alcohol ethoxylate without cellulose enzyme.Minimum dirt index was with nonyl phenol ethoxylate and cellulose enzyme.Also, using nonyl phenol ethoxylate and fatty alcohol ethoxylate result in maximum deinking efficiency.

In this study, the effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of rice straw flour- polypropylene composite was investigated. Rice straw flour (40 mesh) was treated with hydroxide sodium 5 and 10% in two times, once for 45 and another time for90 min respectively. The composites were made from rice straw flour as filler (30%), polypropylene (65%) as matrix and maleic anhydride (5%) as coupling agent. In order to blend the raw materials of internal mixer a Haake HBI system 90 machines and make standard samples testing an injection molding were applied. The results of this study suggest that treatment of rice straw flour with alkali 5% concentration increases tensile modulus and impact strength which increase with time prolongation. However, treatment of rice straw flour with alkali 10% concentration decreases these properties even with the increasing of time. Furthermore, the increasing of alkali concentration and treatment time resulted in an increase in the tensile strength of composites.

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of inulin as a prebiotic on growth, feeding, survival, rate and body composition of the roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus). This research was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) including 0, 0/5 and 1 percent of the prebiotic in diet with three replications. To that end, each tank received 100 fries (average weight: 2/33± 0/33 gr) and feeding was performed for 45 days. The results suggest a positive correlation between inulin treatments and some nutritional indices namely final weight (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) condition factor (CF), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net production compared to the control (p<0.05), though no significant difference was observed between survivals of different treatments. Overall, the results showed that inulin prebiotic could demonstrate high effect on growth performance as a part of fish meal in fish farms.