دانش نامه علوم سیاسی
پیاپی 7 (تابستان 1401)

Gaddafi gained his government based on a military movement and lost his government after forty years with the beginning of protests and unrest in mid-February 2011. The protest movement of Libyan people started a peaceful protest by the families of 1200 missing prisoners. This peaceful movement was severely suppressed by Gaddafi's security units. Then the waves of this protest movement spread rapidly and with the fall of big and sensitive cities such as Benghazi, Al-Bayda, Misrata Zawiya in the east and west of Libya, it was dragged into civil war. In this research, the sociological issues of Libya will be discussed from the point of view of the role of tribes. The importance of tribes comes from the fact that the country of Libya was still governed by tribes and the tribe is the main factor of social cohesion in this country. The main question of this research is what are the effective factors in Libya's political developments and its downfall with an emphasis on tribalism? The main hypothesis is that the developments and changes that occurred in Libya due to the dictatorship and authoritarian system have caused the Libyan tribes to stop supporting Gaddafi, but due to differences with each other, they cannot form a democratic political system. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and compilation with library documents.

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the main elements of the discourse of the government after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, and to explain the main elements of the discourse, Laclau and Mouffe's discourse approach and descriptive books and research articles were used. Since every discourse has signifiers, the findings of the research show that the reformist discourse forms signs such as freedom, legalism, religious democracy, human rights, and having fair and free relations with the whole world around the central signifier of the people. They gave. On the other hand, fundamentalists have formed their semantic system by adding signs such as justice, security, values, cultural invasion, etc. around the central sign of the province.

The impact of information and communication technology on the public diplomacy of the Middle East countries regarding the expansion of social movements is in terms of the changes it creates in the international environment, and the basic question of this research is what role and application of information technology in the public diplomacy of the Middle East countries regarding the expansion of the movement Has it played socially in 2010-2012? The hypothesis based on this question is that the public diplomacy of the Middle East countries in the opinion of Islamic movements is a function of the evolution of information and communication technology. The theoretical foundations of the article are as follows: 1- Media theory that monitors the effects of the form and style of communication on the human social environment. 2- The theory of de Burt, which has followed the generalization of the theory of media to the field of international relations. 3- Thoughts that consider the miraculous development of information and communication technology as the cause of the emergence of new spaces in human life. Spaces that have been referred to with various interpretations in a range of technological to philosophical approaches with corresponding titles such as computer-oriented (cyber) space, information-oriented space, and thought-oriented space.

Important tensions and wars create serious effects and changes in the international order, and Russia's war against Ukraine is no exception for reasons such as the involvement of a great power, the rivalry between Russia and the West, and the historical position of Ukraine. Russia's military action against Ukraine caused consequences in this country, which is greatly affected by the agreement in terms of security, economy and society, however, the consequences of this crisis are not limited to the internal dimension, but have regional and extra-regional dimensions. In this research, an attempt will be made to analyze the impact of the Ukraine crisis on Syria with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings show that the crisis in Ukraine does not have an effect on Syria, and the issue of Syrian reconstruction, the issue of refugees, Russia's attention from Syria to Ukraine, the increase of distrust in the West and the strengthening of the axis of resistance can be expressed.

The research is descriptive-correlative in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. The statistical population includes all employees of Hamadan Municipality in the number of 600 people. The sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula and proportional stratified sampling method (areas) of 234 people. The research tools were Kakmar and Carlos (1997) Employees' Political Management Questionnaire, Talebi et al s (2009) Political Trust, Researched Political Entrepreneurship, and Mill's Organizational Transformations (2003). For political perceptions 0.90, political trust 0.81, political entrepreneurship 0.86, organizational changes 0.80 were calculated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient test. After collecting information in order to analyze the research data and findings, the research hypotheses were examined at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics from indicators such as frequency distribution tables and graphs and at the inferential level from Kalmogorov-Smirnov tests and Cronbach's alpha method, Pearson correlation of structural equations was performed. The results showed that trust and political entrepreneurship have a direct effect on changes in organizational policies and have an indirect effect on the changes in organizational policies by mediating the political perceptions of employees of government organizations