نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 33 (تابستان 1401)

The nationalization movement of Iran's oil industry was a struggle between Iran and British colonialism in the 1330s. England, which saw the control of Iran's oil resources in danger, was able to bring the United States, which felt threatened by the spread and gaining power of communism in Iran, with it and prepare the ground for the coup d'état on August 28. Meanwhile, British and American spy networks played a very important role in planning and executing the coup. Among these networks, the American spy network TPBedaman is a subsidiary of the CIA. This research aims to deal with the role and performance of the TP-Badamen spy network during Mossadegh's prime ministership with a descriptive-analytical method. The question of this research is how the TP Bedaman spy network was able to prepare the ground for the August 28 coup by creating insecurity and chaos. The findings of the research indicate that Bedaman TP network tried to use "psychological propaganda", falsify news and information by organizing street crowds consisting of thugs and exaggerating the danger of the Tudeh Party in gaining power by using the media. Mass communication shows that Dr. Mossadegh was unable to create stability and security and by creating insecurity and confusion, he created the ground for the implementation of the August 28 coup.

The insecurity of Iran's western borders during the Qajar era had various factors, and religious prejudices were one of the reasons for the instability of Iran and Ottoman border areas. The aim of this research is to identify the religious contexts that cause crisis in the western borders of Iran, and the article, using the method of "historical description" and "documents", seeks to answer this question: What effect did religious beliefs have on the occurrence of insecurity and instability in the border areas between Iran and the Ottoman Empire? It is assumed that two groups of factors caused these unrests: firstly, local factors whose political and religious dimensions were reflected in Iran and Ottoman relations, and other external factors that were completely dependent on the actions of the European colonial powers. The findings of the research indicate that: the existence of holy places and the movement of pilgrims have been one of the crisis-causing challenges between Iran and the Ottomans, which led to a war between the two neighbors after the killing of Iraqi Shiites by the Wahhabis. In the meantime, the European countries, on the one hand, by supporting the Wahhabis and on the other hand, by interfering in determining the border lines, did not allow these differences to be completely eradicated.

The formation of the Mongol Union by Genghis Khan led them to confront regional and extra-regional opponents. With the beginning of the first disputes between the Mongols and the Khwarezmshahian, the Mongol army headed towards Iran. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using first-hand sources, seeks to answer the question, what methods did the Mongols use to conquer different regions of Iran? The findings of the research show that the Mongols used a combination of erosive, surprising and bloodthirsty war methods in the face of the resistance that was carried out in different regions. Due to the fact that the Mongols did not face a unified army, they used different methods and tactics to conquer different areas. They use methods such as creating fear and panic by sending envoys, capturing villages and surrounding areas before conquering the main urban centers, dividing military forces and fighting simultaneously on several fronts to prevent the unification of enemy forces, long-term siege and surrendering the enemy using catapults. Using incendiary materials to break the siege and evacuate hiding places in cities, using tricks to surprise or trick the enemy, such as pretending to retreat, spreading rumors, offering peace, camouflage, delaying the enemy to arrive for reinforcements and reinforcements, and using captives They used war in the battle with the enemy.

The transfer of power from Reza Shah to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which took place after the Allied invasion of Iran, caused a lot of damage to the country. The army and its main pillar (duty soldiers) were affected by this incident like other parts of the society and could not fulfill their historical duty of defending the homeland. However, considering the importance and necessity of the existence of the army and permanent soldiers as a tool for exercising authority and suppressing possible opposition in authoritarian governments, the political and military men in Foroughi's cabinet, Qavam and Sohaili, encouraged the institution of the army. Revival and duty system law should be amended and implemented. Investigating this incident is the subject of the present research. This article analyzes the situation of the army and the government's measures to revive it and re-enforce the conscription law in the beginning of the 1940s, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on documents, negotiations and laws of the parliament and memories. The main question of the article is, what were the requirements and foundations for the revival of the conscription law after the removal of Reza Shah? The findings show that although the army took a passive stance against the developments of September 1940, the government's need for permanent military forces and the existence of the army as a deterrent institution, a tool to deal with possible dangers and suppress insecurity, led to reform and implementation. Conscription and conscription became the law, and the cabinets of this period took many measures in order to revive and restore the army, military law and improve the condition of soldiers.

At the end of the Qajar period, due to the political weakness of the government, the people of different regions of the country had increasing power. Reza Khan was aware of this issue since he came to power. In order to increase the central power, he had to reduce the power of the tribes. In order to achieve this goal, Reza Khan issued an order to disarm the country's nomads, including Fars. In Fars, there were two powerful Qashqai clans headed by Sault al-Dawlah and Khamsa headed by Qawam al-Mulk. At that time, tribes had gained a lot of power due to the weakness of the central government. They rebelled against the disarmament order, and Reza Shah suppressed the rebellion by killing, imprisoning and taking hostages from the nomadic leaders of tribes. The question of the research is to analyze in a descriptive-analytical way why the disarmament decision was taken by Reza Shah and the consequences of this order in Fars. The findings of the research show that the disarmament government order, which was accompanied by the resistance and rebellion of the people, with the terror it created, caused the greed of the people, but the efforts made by Reza Shah for the disarmament of the nomads and the unity of the country, with his forced resignation in Shahrivar 1940. And his son Mohammad Reza Shah's accession to the throne was stopped. The nomads took up arms again and were able to regain some of their lost power.

 Examining the different characteristics of each nation from an external perspective is very important and along with the view of the people of that society on themselves, it will provide comprehensive analysis in this field. Iranians have always been the focus of non-Iranian writers due to their considerable cultural, social and political status. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the prominent military characteristics of ancient Iranians from the perspective of their contemporary foreign writers (Greek and Roman). The method of collecting library information and research method is descriptive-analytical. The findings show that qualities such as wisdom and military tact, bravery and patriotism, order and law in military affairs, peace and tolerance, kindness to prisoners of war and pride and military authority were of great interest to these authors, which not only themselves, but also historians of the Islamic period. They have paid praise in these areas. Also, comparing the sources shows that they have been relatively successful in presenting the prominent military characteristics of Iranians, which is the manifestation of the prominence of the mentioned military characteristics among Iranians.