مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 30 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

This movement was based on the formulation of a set of laws and the establishment of new educational institutions. This article aims to analyze the issue of modernizing the educational system based on the laws approved by the First Islamic Council during the constitutional period. To answer the question, based on which challenges, demands and problems did the representatives of the first parliament formulate the laws and guidelines And review the laws and negotiations of the representatives of the first parliament in relation to the expansion of public education and the strengthening of the country's schools and the change of the old educational structures. Related to education. And what were the most important indicators of educational modernization in the field of schools and teachers? Surveys show that some parliamentarians were trying to prepare the ground for local modernization in accordance with the country's requirements by taking ideas from western educational reforms. This article tries to explain the effect of the parliament on the establishment of new education in Iran by analyzing the debates of the parliament and review the laws and negotiations of the first parliament representatives regarding the expansion of public education and the strengthening of the country's schools and the change of the old educational structures. Also, the examination of these indicators along with the demands and problems of the field of education in a coherent manner in this article shows the continuation of the problems in the next periods and the need to address them

The budget is the most important financial document for assessing government income and expenditure. Before the constitution, there was a budget line called Dafah or the Siqe "Sarf" in the financial offices, which was considered the cultural and construction part of the government budget. For this reason, it is important to examine this line of the budget, how much of the country's total budget has been spent on civil and cultural affairs, and to what matters has it been allocated? Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify and examine the position of the Sarf form in the budget document and the amount of changes and the ratio of each of its elements to each other. The findings of the research indicate that the Dafah Sarf was one percent of the total budget, and this cost existed in both the civil and provincial parts. The difference between Sarfe  Diwani and Velayati was in the expenditure of "Mubarak's pocket", which was the most expensive in the Diwani sector. Chaparkhaneh, Mazaje, and building repair are unique in the provincial sector, and building repair cost the most in the provincial sector

The purpose of writing this article is to explain the differences between the historical reading of the concepts of individual freedom and state power in the political discourse of Ayatollah Naeini and Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri. The concepts of individual freedom and the power of the state and its characteristics for Shiites have been the main topics of Shiite jurists during the period of absence. The Constitutional Revolution, which is one of the most important developments in the contemporary period of our country, followed by the establishment of a new monarchical regime; It is one of the historical turning points in which the legitimacy of the new political regime in its application to Islamic principles was disputed by scholars. Some saw the constitutional revolution and its purpose in accordance with the theoretical positions of religious thought, and their reading of the constitution coincided with the explanation of the concepts of individual freedom and state power. On the other hand, they saw constitutionalism and its institutions as contrary to the theoretical foundations of Shiite political thought. The representatives of these two different jurisprudential approaches to the basis of the legitimacy of the constitutional government were the two great jurists of the constitutional era, Allameh Naeini and Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri. The results of this article in the face of two jurists with the concepts of new political discourse on the one hand witnessed the elitist ideology and bipolar theory of government by Sheikh Nouri to fulfill the rules of Sharia and on the other hand Allameh Naini for the first time to some extent freedom and sovereignty He accompanied the people along with Velayat-e-Faqih on the bed of religion. This article, using the discourse concepts of these thinkers with their own historical reading, led to the inference of a different and sometimes contradictory view of these thinkers.

As a part of the identity of the society, the coin is a reflection of the political and religious thought and tendency of the Iranian princes. The writing on the coins is mostly in the two categories of religious rites and titles related to the kingdom and monarchy. This function changed dramatically during the Qatari period. Sometimes religious rites increased on the coins and sometimes phrases in the introduction of the glory of the kingdom increased. This research uses a comparative method and library research to compare and analyze the writing on Qatari coins, with the aim of explaining the reflection of the idea of monarchy and religion through these coins, and seeks to answer the question that the policy of Qajar kings in balancing religious and political writing How was it on the coins? The research shows that the written changes on the coins of the Qatari period were influenced by the personal preferences of the Qajar kings, the lack of unity among the ulema, their identification inspired by the kings of ancient Iran and new technology and relations with the West. The results of the graph show that religious rites from the beginning to the end of the Qatari period had a decreasing trend and the titles related to the monarchy from the formation of their government to the period of Nasser al-Din Shah had an upward trend and after him a decreasing trend.

Massoud Mirza Zel-ol-Sultan ruled the central and southern states and cities of Iran for many years and was the independent ruler of Isfahan for more than thirty years. Although he was the eldest son of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, he was deprived of the future Qajar monarchy because his mother was not a prince and did not have a high lineage. Zel-e-Sultan had a special personality type and had such actions and behaviors that even in his own time, he was viewed negatively. Narcissism, greed for power and wealth, cruelty towards humans and animals, resentment and jealousy towards others, destruction of Safavid historical buildings and gardens, and simulation of the model of monarchy in the city of Isfahan has been of such acts and behaviors. In this research, descriptive-analytical method and using Alfred Adler's theory of inferiority complex, the causes and factors of such behavioral personality are analyzed using the main sources of Qajar period history and by asking the following questions: Are such behaviors and actions Has it been done by Zel-e-Sultan due to his inferiority complex due to not reaching the throne and the crown? Has he committed such acts and behaviors because of his superiority over others? The findings of this study show that the deprivation of Zel-e-Sultan from the throne of the monarchy due to the fact that he did not have a high Qajar lineage from his mother, caused him to suffer from inferiority complex and subsequently a superiority complex

In the final years of Qajar tribal government some western- oriented intellectuals gradually brought about the basis of nationalist thoughts in Iran.with the fall of Qajar and overtaking Pahlavi regime cultural centers and organizations tried a lot for institulization of national royalism.Organization of cultivation of thoughts (1317)was the last advertizing and cuttural of Pahlavi regime ,that with the help of six commissions,based and followed its most impotant duty ,regarded exective articales of association,focusing on features such as Roylism and patriotism .the present research,organized on the basis of analytical descriptive method tries to illumiuate field of activities, the role and the amount of success of this organization in instiatuliztion of royalism.as a result the organization of cultivation of thoughts along with promotion of patnotism,introducd and set in its progrom other refelections such as love of historical ,honors,an Aryan racial introduction of Iran to the world and developement of national and langue geunity and tired to lead its progrom in this way.

Clerics played a pivotal role and influence in the educational, socio -governmental structure of the Safavid era. Therefore, in order to understand the social status of clerics, it is necessary to survey and specify general educational process and their diverse social ties. Hence, in the present research as for to the trend of historical sources the investigator set out to response this question: What educational, personality and professional process in Safavid Iran determined the social characteristics of clerics? To answer this question, the present study uses the method of historical research and classification of effective social trends in the Safavid period to analyze and interpret these characteristics and their effects on the situation of clerics. Due to lack of coherent research on the social characteristics of clerics in the Safavid era, the findings suggest that the interest of different classes of society and the Safavid rule to educational and cultural affairs had developed and increased educational training which in turn led to elevate the position and effective role of different clerics in various fields of social life during the Safavid era. In addition, society acceptance depended on personal and behavioral considerations such as the scientific and moral reputation of the clerics and finally, all these factors promoted the legitimacy of the Safavid dynasty.

Iran became affiliated with the International Federation of Red cross and founded its Lion and Sun Society in 1923. Afterwards this society gradually expanded and established its branches in Tehran and other cities of Iran. One of these branches was opened in Isfahan in 1930. Lion and Sun Society of Isfahan had significant effects on Isfahan society. Therefore, this study by employing the archival documents and historical sources with descriptive- analytical approach tries to answer this question: How did Red Lion and Sun Society of Isfahan effect on the lives of orphans and underprivileged children in Isfahan under the reign of Reza shah? The outcomes of the study indicate that the foundation and performance of Isfahan Lion and Sun Society during Pahlavi I period could be influential in the future of orphans and underprivileged children and even some middle-class children in Isfahan society by providing shelters and services for them.

Zat al-Salasel is one of the important events that occurred during the time of the Prophet (PBUH). But the news and documents about it are scattered and inconsistent. Assessing the validity and status of the narrations of this series is a subject that has been paid less attention by Islamic sources and contemporary scholars. This article seeks to evaluate the news and documents related to the Essence Series and explain the point of view. The present research is based on the historical and descriptive study of documents and the sources of the Islamic (Shi'a and Sunni). In the first article, different opinions about the series are separated, then the analysis and some reasons for the conflicts are evaluated and finally re-read. The results of this study indicate that this series is important in the period of the Prophet's time), due both to the reasons for its occurrence and the following events, and also to the effect on the future events of the Islamic society, but the conflict between documents and The heterogeneity of the content of the news and selection of Islamic sources has prevented the narrative from the series and the methods of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the selection of individuals, goals, and ultimately a series. In this way, some of the political and social developments, and people based on these are extracted.

Helmand has long been the main artery of Sistan life and has always played a decisive role for it; However, since the unfair division of the region between Iran and Afghanistan and the lack of sufficient water (for various reasons) in the region, Helmand has gradually become an issue and crisis for the people of Sistan and the Iranian government and the source of differences between the two neighboring countries. This discrepancy has gradually become more pronounced and has taken on a national dimension, with frequent droughts, population growth, mismanagement of water resources, and increased demand for water.This article intends to provide a realistic solution to overcome this crisis and reduce its consequences, while reviewing the historical course of the Helmand issue and the consequences of water shortages and enumerating the existing challenges. Accordingly, the main question of the research is what is the cause of the persistence of the Helmand problem and what strategies and policies can be used to manage the negative effects and consequences of this historical problem in order to eliminate or mitigate it? According to the hypothesis of this study, preventing Afghanistan from entering the share of Helmand water, numerous droughts, especially during the last three decades, and short-term and sometimes ineffective solutions to the Helmand problem, has led to the sustainability of this problem that can be solved by Sentences of constructive diplomacy with the Afghan side, recourse to international law, proper management of water entering the country, observing the pattern of proper cultivation, mechanized irrigation and creating employment in other industries will reduce the negative effects of this issue. This research has tried to study this issue in order to achieve tangible and feasible solutions in a more comprehensive and wide-ranging way. The research has been done with an interdisciplinary approach and descriptive-explanatory method.

Trade relations between the countries of the world always originate from the development of political relations. Trade relations between Iran and India in the Pahlavi period were no exception. At the beginning of the second Pahlavi regime, several issues such as the occupation of Iran, the independence of India And then Pakistan's separation affected trade between the two countries. But Iran and India were under the conditions of the Cold War and the political biases that existed. They tried to maintain their relations by developing economic relations between them. This is evident in the trade process between the two countries. Because in the thirties, most exchanges are based on food and traditional goods. But in the 1940s, attention was paid to the expansion of trade between merchants and traders, Establish facilities for industrial and commercial training courses. The development of banking cooperation as well as private investments is being pursued. Fifties with a change in India's attitude towards the West. And Efforts to develop trade with Europe Establishment of trade and commerce agencies with Iran is considered. And a sign of growing trade relations between the two countries in long-term trade agreements. The meeting of the leaders of Iran and India becomes more visible. This research is based on the documents of economic relations between Iran and India. The question is what was the trend of trade relations between Iran and India in the Pahlavi era? Descriptively and analytically to study the route of trade in goods and industry between Iran and India

Iran-India relations in the Safavid period were of special importance due to internal, regional and global developments. These connections were made both by sea and by land. Since Sistan province was in the neighborhood of India during the Safavid period and Kandahar province was also a border province, one of the communication routes between Iran and India in the Safavid period was the Sistan and Kandahar road. The communication importance of the roads of this route was so great that it was not neglected by European cartographers at that time. One of the interesting maps about drawing the roads of Iran in the Safavid period is the map of Guillaume Delisle, France. Considering the importance of Iran-India relations in the Safavid period and the mapping of Iran-India communication routes in Guillaume Delisle's map, the question arises as to what role the Sistan and Kandahar routes mapped in Guillaume Delisle's map, what role in Iran-India relations they had? The findings of this study indicate that the use of ligaments and caravanserais provided security measures and facilities for the Sistan and Kandahar roads, and a major part of the political, military, economic and cultural relations between Iran and India through communication. These ways were done. The purpose of this article is to introduce the drawn roads of Sistan and Kandahar in the map of Guillaume Delisleand to explain the communication role of these roads in the relations between Iran and India in the Safavid period has been done in a historical way by describing and analyzing the collected data.

This article is mainly aimed to study the contexts, factors, and actors affecting the establishment of the IASUT in order to reform part of the administrative system of the expanding government of Iran. Using the library method and based on the analysis of documents, historical data and findings of other researchers, this paper seeks to answer the following main question: what are the significant actors and components affecting the establishment of the Institute of Administrative Sciences? The research hypothesis is that the alignment of the need to reform the recordkeeping system in Iran - as an era in administrative modernization-with the policies of the Truman’s Point Four Program has been effective in establishing the IASUT According to the Weber model, the administration of affairs in a bureaucratic setting is based on the preservation of written documents, i.e. records and files; therefore, the reform or modernization of the records management system is a foundation for the evolution of the administrative bureaucracy. Based on the research findings, it can be said that although the establishment of the IASUT was in response to a natural need that arose in a historical context and was influenced by the process of growth and modernization of government institutions; alignment of this need with the policies of the Truman’s Point Four Program has played a catalyzing role in the establishment of this institution. Also, the role of three main groups of actors with different approaches is evident in the establishment of this institution.

Geography is one of the most important branches of human knowledge that can be the place of manifestation of national components. A realistic understanding of natural and human phenomena, a study of the history of places, and the citation of historical evidence to determine the boundaries of a group of peoples also involve the creation of a mental realm behind which it is possible to define "us" and "the others". This article seeks to formulate the relationship between the national components considered by the government in the second Pahlavi period and how to make scientific propositions in geographical textbooks, referring to the methodological principles of Ruth Wodak's theory of historical discourse analysis. Finally, the methods and techniques of defining Iran as a political entity during the content of geography textbooks in the second Pahlavi period will be examined to show how government interventions in the arrangement of information in geography textbooks correspond to national interests and to strengthen the pillars.

Examining the role of pearls in recognizing some historical and traditional concepts governing the social and economic relations of the Persian Gulf inhabitance and especially the central and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf due to its position in explaining the historical events and contexts of Persian Gulf region Administration has a special significance. Pearls have been defined as an important commodity in the region's traditional economy, prompting the researcher to explore its various social, economic, and political dimensions. Among the important historical backgrounds, recognizing and redefining how to manage this vast trade in local and regional dimensions and continuing to find traces of Iranian bureaucracy, focused in this particular case Study. This article, with an analytical approach and based on some historical evidence, seeks to answer the fundamental question of what is the trace of Iranian bureaucracy in this process, given the mechanism of pearl fishing and trade? The prevailing premise is that bureaucracy has indirectly contributed to the management of fishing grounds and the regulation of pearl fishing grounds.

Facing Western new civilization had great influences on the intellectual and cultural developments of Iranian society, including the views and opinions of intellectuals of the Qajar period. Their negative or underestimating approaches towards the scientific and cultural background of Iran in the Islamic duration can be considered as one of the most important of these influences. The negation or weakening of cultural identity that is one of the consequences of this approach emphasizes the importance of addressing how the West influences this area. Using a descriptive and analytical method and citing written works left by intellectuals such as Akhundzadeh, Kermani, and Talibov this research intends to answer the question as: "How did the facing with the West have a negative effect on the viewpoints of the intellectuals of this period? ” The findings of the present study indicate that the deviant view of intellectuals towards the West as well as their being influenced by some of its intellectual and cultural foundations such as modern science, Western Orientalists' opinions, and archaism has played the most important role in this regard.

One of the most important factors in the organization of the Safavid government in Iran is the establishment of close relations between Shiites and Sufis in the eighth century AH. After the Mongol invasion of Iran, many people took refuge in monasteries and monasteries built by Sufis on the outskirts of cities to escape their slaughter. As a result, Sufi thought spread slightly among the people, and the people found Sufism to be the cure for their sufferings and their only refuge. During this period, Imami Shiites sought the closeness of Shiism and Sufism through religious and intellectual components, and the efforts of many Shiite elders were focused on this matter. This article seeks to answer the question of how close Shiism and Sufism were in the eighth century AH and benefited from their capacity, as well as the influence of Shiite and Sufi personalities on this process? The hypothesis is that the Mongol rule and the creation of an open religious space led to the closeness of Shiism and Sufism and, consequently, the formation of the Shiite-Sufi discourse and, consequently, the spread of the Shiite religion. The results of the research indicate that Shiite scholars and elders by identifying the existing capacities in the heart of the Sufi community of the eighth centuryAH and also the success of the majority of people from this sect; They achieved success near the Shiite and Sufi religious views, and by creating a Shiite-Sufi discourse, they provided the grounds for the spread of the Shiite religion among the people and, as a result, the formation of Shiite governments. Due to the importance of the subject of this research, it has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources.