فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 88، زمستان 1400)

Tourism development leads to the economic and social development in the tourism destinations resulting sustainable economic development, creating jobs for residents and increasing their income levels. Paying attention to the social dimensions of tourism brings cultural and social cohesion as well as strengthening local identity. Each tourist destination has two types of attractions for tourists which are tangible and intangible. Tangible attractions include features that are objectively and directly visible to tourists. Intangible attractions include the socio-cultural potentials of the destination, which are usually special and unique. The image of the destination, which is mainly formed in tourists’ minds on the bases of socio-cultural attractions, has a great impact on the acceptance of a tourist destination. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of destination image and tourist attractions on the attractiveness of Rasht as a tourist destination. To collect research information, according to Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires have been distributed and completed among tourists. The sampling method of the present study is non-random, which has been done in the historical and cultural monuments, hotels, terminals, etc. SPSS and Smart PLS3 software were used to analyze the obtained data. According to the research findings, the "destination image" index with an average of 4.09 has the highest average among the indices. Also, the indices of "tourist destination attraction" and "tourist destination attractiveness" are in the next positions with averages of 4.07 and 3.47, respectively. Based on the average obtained by the research indices, the average of the two independent indices (destination image and destination attraction) are very close to each other and above average. This shows the special attention and interest of tourists of this destination to cultural attractions beside of physical attractions. The average attractiveness index of Rasht tourist destination indicates the special place of this city in the minds of tourists. Therefore, by emphasizing the importance of the socio-cultural potentials of this city, we can hope for a bright future and the further flourishing of the potential capacities of this tourist destination. According to the modeling results, the image of the tourist destination with a path coefficient of 0.371 has the greatest impact on the attractiveness of the tourist destination. Based on this, the existing socio-cultural attractions are prior to the physical attractions and creating a favorable mental image in the minds of tourists requires more attention to local culture and social capital. The city management can provide cultural events based on the special traditions of the city, to attract more tourists. Today, the innovation of creating events has an important share of strengthening tourism in the global tourism market, and the city of Rasht has the necessary socio-cultural bases. In order to create events, more attention should be paid to the local culture and social capital of the city, which in the first step requires accurate study of customs and culture of Rasht. The next step needs the support of officials to provide the manifestations of creativity in tourism.

Urban form as the physical structure of the city, directly affects its ability in confronting natural disasters. Besides, as the spatial and physical presentation of human activities is the main context for various social, economic, and environmental aspects of urban resilience. Nevertheless, resilient urban form is still unknown in city resilient literature and despite the abundance of studies on urban resilience, research on the link between this quality and urban form is limited and fragmented. Resilience literature has defined resilient city charactresics and has set social, economic, infrastructural, institutional, environmental and community domains to achieve disaster resilient city. In order to understand how urban form can affect city resilience, this research based on resilient city characteristics, redefines urban form qualities such as robustness, redundancy, modularity, diversity, and efficiency as resilient urban form qualities. Thus, this study sheds more light on the relationship between urban form and resilience by assessing the relationship between these two phenomena to find out whether urban form can be one of resilience domains or only resilience domains can be affected by urban form’s components, based on explanatory, experimental and exploratory methodologies. The study area is Tehran metropolis and explicitly focuses on its 368 Neighborhoods. For this purpose, first, community disaster resilience in Tehran metropolis is assessed. In this regard, a set of resilient indicators extracted from three evaluation models (BRIC، CRI و CDRI) were used to evaluate and construct a resilient composite index for Tehran metropolis. By using exploratory factor analysis, the resilience dimensions are shown in four social, infrastructure, economic performance, and community domains. Second, urban form components are evaluated in the scale of a neighborhood, explaining six factors of denseness, green and vacant area accessibility, non-permeability, retail accessibility, plot accessibility and transit accessibility. Then, to achieve the main objective of this research, evaluation of the relationship between urban form and resilience, structural equation modeling (SEM) are applied. Therefore, in the present study, to find the relationship between resilience and urban form, two structural equation models are designed in AMOS software and analyzed by path analysis method. In the first model, urban form and resilience were considered as hidden variables, each of which was introduced based on its respective components and dimensions. As this relationship wasnot significant, the urban form cannot be considered as one of the dimensions of resilience. Then, the relationship between the components of the urban form and the resilience dimensions in the second model was analyzed to obtain the relationships between them. The results show that (1) none of the urban form components has significant effect on community resilience, (2) urban form components play different roles on various domains of urban resilience, in which denseness component as a major component of urban form has positive impact on infrastructure resilience but access to plot has significant impact on social resilience as a main domain of resilience. The other two urban form components such as transit and retail accessibility have positive impact on three social, infrastructure and economic performance. In sum, however urban form cannot be defined as an individual domain of urban disaster resilience, its elements and components have a significant impact on different aspects of resilience and resilient policies.

In general, not only urban systems are limited to physical structure and spatial deployment of urban settlements, but also they include flows, communications and interactions between cities in such systems. In this spatial flow, each individual node will have different situation and character based on its degree, type, composition, and its potential of relation with other nodes. In other words, the situation of each city in the hierarchy of urban network and its role in the network is influenced by its own spatial and functional organization/arrangement in flow space. Therefore, urban areas will be known as “the network” over time. The essence/nature of the network depends on complexity of relations between cities, dynamic nature of the network and cohesion and dependency of areas. According to studies based on the Tehran Metropolitan Regional Plan and other documents, in spite of existence of decentralization policies in Tehran in recent decades, this city still remains dominant to the surrounding urban areas. Besides, centralized forces toward Tehran with a large number of people and human resources that aims to use better services and facilities concentrated in Tehran will be associated with centralized and unbalanced spatial organization. On the other hand, considering numerous economic, social, environmental and structural– spatial problems, unbalanced development in regional territory, and being the capital city of the country, it is necessary to define a system which provides spatial-functional coherence and integrated and balanced spatial development in the region. The study aims to evaluate the spatial interactions among the cities located inside the Tehran metropolitan region by using the data of trip flows and making some measurements to evaluate spatial structure of that region. In this study, Relational Methods and particularly, methods based on Social Network Analysis and Graph theory are used to analyze the people movements. Origin-Destination trip data was collected by documentary method and were applied to make some measurements for network analysis. The trip flows is calculated based on the number of passengers (traveling by cars, buses or minibuses) and their origin and destination through cities located in Tehran metropolitan region. The goal of this study is to examine and analyze spatial structure of Tehran metropolitan region in the form of a regional network that consists of cities and the connections among them and to determine the range of functional impact of each city in relation to others. Regarding to the result of regional network analysis using the information of trip flows occurred among the cities during the study period (1996 to 2011), We still see the high concentration of activities in the city of Tehran and obvious dominance of this city over the region. However, there are obvious signs that the intensity of concentration and domination of Tehran is gradually decreasing and the surrounding cities in the region are gaining more functional power. Therefore, the spatial structure of the region is gradually changing from a completely mono-centric structure to the formation of a multi-centric structure. This indicates the tendency for empowering the secondary centers and having more balanced patterns in distribution of activities across the region.

Iwan and dome as independent spatial units entered mosques at least from the 4th century AH and on the plateau of Iran, it was probably in the Seljuk period that the first four-iwan mosques with a dome located behind the qibla iwan were created. The pattern of four-iwans with three domes around the courtyard, though visible in Ribat of Sharaf from the beginning of the sixth century AH, was not used in mosques before. The Bibi-Khanum Mosque in Samarkand with its four iwans and three domes around the courtyard, is one of the most important monuments of the Timurid period. Although this mosque has been analyzed many times, less attention has been paid to its several domes. To achieve the purpose of this article, which is finding the roots of Bibi-Khanum Mosque design, the following actions have been taken: The historical texts of the Timurid Era have been examined using the interpretive-historical method, contemporary researches in this field have been reviewed and the documents have been compared using the method of logical reasoning. In addition, answering these questions seems necessary: Where can you find the pattern of Bibi-Khanum Mosque? And what other examples exist with this Design? The results show that the addition of iwans and domes to Indian mosques probably dates back to the late Seljuk period and coincided with the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate period in the India. The oldest example of which is the addition of several asymmetrical domes around the Quwwatul-Islam Mosque in Delhi in the sixth century AH. In the middle of the eighth century AH, the Jahanpanah Mosque in Delhi with its courtyard, iwans and dome, was one of the first mosques to be built similar to the two-iwan mosques in Iran - except that four domes were built on all four sides of the courtyard. Until about a century later, this design was used in several other mosques in India with a few changes, such as Mosques of Jaunpur and Srinagar. According to historical sources, Timur visited the Jahanpanah Mosque during the conquest of Delhi, and after returning from India, ordered the construction of the Jami Mosque of Samarkand. In addition, the roots of the jami Mosque  of Samarkand design could be the previous experiences in buildings, such as Ribat of Sharaf in Khorasan, and possibly the grandiose attitude inspired by important Ilkhanid buildings. This pattern was not common in Iran, except for the Abbasi Mosque of Isfahan. In the Bibi-Khanum and the Abbasi Mosques, the domes on both sides are used for worship, while in the Jahanpanah and Jaunpur mosques and others in India, the surrounding domes are the entrance porches, Which, aside from the dome, were previously used in the design of Iranian mosques such as the Jami Mosque of Yazd. However, It is not as significant as Jahanpanah Mosque. As a result, it is possible that the architect of Bibi-Khanum Mosque was inspired by the domes of Jahanpanah Mosque, but he used his own method of using the space.

Problem solving and creativity are at the highest level of human cognitive activities and are considered as the most valuable educational goals. In recent years, the Iranian educational system has emphasized on activating learners in learning skills. The purpose of activating learners is to promote their creativity. Nowadays, university graduates are increasingly finding a global position and providing educational services in the international context, which requires the acquisition of international characteristics and qualifications. In fact, the main goal of all educational institutions is to create problem-solving ability and creativity in students. Architectural design courses play a pivotal role in education of architectural engineering students, and its importance is not hidden from anyone, either in terms of empirical knowledge or theories-related methods. Most architectural processes require initiative creativity, which requires knowledge and education; because in architectural design workshops, the sciences learned in other courses are combined to help students to identify creative answers. In relation to the factors affecting creativity, some experts have a set of cognitive factors (intelligence and talent), environmental variables (political, cultural, economic and social factors) and personality variables (such as five personality factors, intrinsic motivation, self-leadership characteristics, etc.) have been considered important. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of self-efficacy and academic motivation in predicting the creativity of architecture students in designing therapeutic spaces. The present study was a correlational study and the statistical population contained all of the semester 7 architecture students of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in the first half of the academic year 1396-1397, which among them, 30 students were selected using census sampling method. The mean age of the statistical population was 21.83 years and the standard deviation was 0.98. Among the 30 students who were studied, 7 (23.3%) were men and 23 (76.7%) were women. To measure academic self-efficacy, academic motivation, and creativity, the self-efficacy and academic motivation subscales, respectively, derived from the Dartaj Academic Performance Questionnaire (2004) and the Charles Schaeffer Creativity Questionnaire. The relationship between three subscales of motivation, self-efficacy and creativity was assessed using Pearson correlation test. The coefficient between academic motivation and students' creativity is 0.433 which indicates a direct relationship between these two items on average. Significant level of this comparison indicates a significant relationship (P = 0.014) between these two variables. Also the results of multiple regression tests showed that among two subscales of self-efficacy and motivation, this is only motivation that significantly predicts the creativity of architecture students. With one unit increase in motivation, a 0.45 unit increase in creativity will occur. According to psychologists, motivation is one of the key concepts and is used to explain the different levels of performance. Motivation is one of the main causes of behavior and can be defined as the driving force of human activities and its directing factor. There is a strong link between the personal motivation and the creativity, which is determined by the social environmental factors or at least certain aspects of the environment.

Traditional survey and 3D documentation methods of Architectural Heritage are challenging, tedious, time-consuming, and error-prone due to the spatial geometry, ornament, and texture complexity in most of these structures. Recent developments in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) photogrammetry technology have provided a precise, rapid, and cost-effective method to generate accurate 3D models of Architectural Heritage for documentation and conservation operations, individually or in combination other methodologies. This study aims to evaluate the ability of UAV photogrammetry to produce a 3D model of a relatively complex Architectural Heritage. Deir-e Gachin Caravansary is one of the 56 Caravanserais in the Persian Caravanserais file -nominated in the UNESCO World Heritage List- which has specific architectural features chosen for this study. This caravansary is situated on the ancient route from Ray to Isfahan, located in the center of the Kavir National Park. This building bears several structural interventions during the past centuries and witnesses historical phases, from its construction in the Sasanian era to its abandonment and negligence in the late Qajar era, right up to the 21st century, when restored and adaptively reused as a tourism destination. The general workflow of this study contains three steps. The first step involves drawing data acquiring plans. Considering the features and complex characteristics of Deir-e Gachin and the possible presence of obstacles at this site to be surveyed is decided to employ aerial and terrestrial platforms to gathering photogrammetric images. In order to acquire complete documentation of the caravansary for photogrammetric purposes, two right cross flights with a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 2 cm are planned. On the other hand, four epochs are determined to acquire terrestrial photogrammetric images. At the second step, the aerial data acquisition of the rooftop and site plan is carried out by a fixed-wing UAV equipped with a non-metric camera. Afterward, two terrestrial photogrammetric processes are applied to acquiring the exterior and central courtyard facades pictures. To be able to record the exact geographic positions of the images, a post-process kinetic (PPK) GPS is attached to the camera during the terrestrial photogrammetric survey. The captured Aerial images are geotagged using the flight logs. The third step is the photogrammetric process to create an integrated and textured 3D model. In this step, aerial and terrestrial images are aligned separately by the software. The outputs of this process were two individual sparse points clouds. Then each aerial and terrestrial dense points clouds are created. Eventually, the aerial and terrestrial meshed surfaces aligned and merged to create an integrated coarse 3D model. After applying texture to the beforehand produced 3D model, the caravansary`s textured model is created. Accuracy evaluation of the result using GCPs shows an accuracy of ±2 cm in the 1:200 scaled 3D model of Deir-e Gachin caravansary. This study demonstrates the high potential of UAV photogrammetry as a fast, accurate, and reliable data acquisition method in producing a detailed exterior 3D model of Architectural Heritage structures, containing high resolution spatial, spectral, and textural information.