فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 89، بهار 1401)

One of the ways to conserve energy is to use passive solutions in buildings, Solar greenhouses are one of these solutions. In this research, the optimal model of solar greenhouse in Kermanshah city is determined. The main goal of this research is to validate and verify the software simulation using the construction and field testing of the real model in order to determine the optimal model of the solar greenhouse in Kermanshah city.In this research, the concepts related to the efficiency of greenhouse effects are discussed. The method will be descriptive. The selected simulation software of this research is Energy Plus due to the numerical and comparative nature of the research, and in the parts where the research examines the optimal model of the solar greenhouse in Kermanshah, using the above software. Analytical method. Since the results of the studies are compared, the method is comparative. Computer simulation of energy consumption in the building is an analytical method and comparison with the field observations through the construction and testing of the actual greenhouse model is an experimental method. In this research, using the Energy Plus software, while assuming some basic variables in the thermal performance of the solar greenhouse, including (orientation, roof tilt angle, dimensions, translucent window and heat loss), the optimal state, by simulating the conditions different and the comparison between them has been determined, in order to be closer to the real conditions, the loading of the climate file prepared from the hourly weather data of Kermanshah Airport meteorological station has been used in the simulation software. Therefore, by assuming several basic variables in the thermal performance of the greenhouse, the optimal mode includes (190 degrees south-west orientation), roof slope angle (50 degrees), dimensions based on the equation (cot (500 ) = b/h), translucent wall (6 mm glass with low external emissivity layer and 4 mm plain glass with 13 mm gap and neutral gas injection) and installation of thermal insulation with a thickness of 50 mm) were determined by simulating different conditions. In order to validate the simulation, compared to the construction of the actual greenhouse sample, based on the results of the initial simulation, the action and thermal performance of the two simulated and constructed samples were compared during a 72-hour field test, the results show that Ali Although there is a difference in the recorded internal temperatures of the two samples, especially during the third 24 hours (due to the phenomenon of cloudy sky and local winds), the trend of their temperature changes is synchronized and the analysis of descriptive statistics and the linear distribution diagram of the resulting data using From the SPSS software, it shows a relatively strong distribution and linear relationship around the regression line, which generally shows the accuracy and validity of the software simulation. The most important innovation aspect of this research is the simultaneous use of software simulation methods and its validation through real model construction and field tests. which will provide sufficient confidence in the research results.

Spatial justice is one of the main pillars of balanced development inside and outside the metropolis. Today anexample of spatial injustice can be seen around metropolises. This has intensified the spatial poverty traps and increased urban poverty in these places. The distribution ofspatial justice in the metropolis of Tehran is in a dynamicrelationship that is the result of a triple of power, opportunity and wealth. In such a way that by moving from thenorth of Tehran to the southern and western suburbs, thequality and quantity of welfare development indicatorsare gradually reduced and the level of poverty and spatialinjustice is increased. The existing views and discoursesabout these spaces have mostly taken action in the fieldof lack of services and their distribution, but in practice,they have not been able to explain the issue of urban poverty and spatial injustice in these spaces. The purpose ofthis study is a critical explanation of spatial injustice andurban poverty in the suburbs of Tehran, specifically Islamshahr and the Quds City. What factors produce andreproduce spatial injustice and urban poverty in the cityof Islamshahr and the city of Quds? Also, recognizing thedimensions shaping urban poverty and spatial injusticeand then identifying the structures in these spaces in orderto achieve the ultimate goal, which is to change and transform these spaces to empower their residents, is anothergoal of this article. In this regard, using the critical paradigm and the method of critical discourse analysis, datacollection has been done by two methods of interview anddocument analysis. Six categories of power, domination,justice, dependency, ideology, right to the city and citizenship were explained. The result of this explanation showsthat these six categories imply different dimensions of theconcept of power, justice and political economy. Also,the importance of the institutional political dimension ofpower along with other social, economic and physical dimensions has created a shadow of spatial injustice in thesecities. As a result, in order to change and achieve spatialjustice and get rid of the spatial poverty trap, only distributive justice is not the criterion for action, but moving in the proportional distribution of power in the institutionaldimension can be the way forward. It was concluded thatnot only the objective dimension is important, but also themental dimension is directly involved in this matter. Thehidden layer of power in the shadow of ideology has beenable to create spatial injustice, colonialism, domination,dependency and so on. And in line with this article, urbanplanners and managers can cover the hidden mechanismsof urban spatial injustice and spatial poverty traps withsystematic measures and with the aim of changing the direction of movement of dimensions. This article has alsobeen able to bring the critical view of the objectivist viewof spatial injustice closer to subjectivism and also to examine layers such as power, political economy, ideology,etc. in more depth.

Nowadays it is accepted that education in architecture, is one of the topics of interest in architectural research. Since the main purpose of education in any field, is providing appropriate learning conditions, and in Iranian architecture schools, architectural education is based on design workshops, this type of research can be argued to be among the most important concerns in architecture. Due to the multidimensional nature of architecture and its relationship with different fields of knowledge, the method of teaching architectural design, compared to other disciplines, requires different needs and special approaches. Especially since design issues do not have a simple and recognizable structure and according to researchers, are ill-structured. This means that architectural design issues cannot easily and completely be defined and designers are always faced with a great deal of ambiguity at the start of a project. Therefore, it is important to focus on what is going on in the form of "design based on desk criticism" in Iranian schools of architecture. Desk criticism, are usually called as “Correction” in faculties of art and architecture. A review of the available sources shows that the traditional way of “correction” in architecture schools is struggling with failures and inefficiencies. Due to its pivotal role, in direct and face-to-face interaction with students, and its other effects, it should try not to ignore the significant differences of students in their distinguished backgrounds. Some experts believe that a good set of corrections should be managed to guide each student in finding his or her personal and distinctive answer to the design question. This study tries to examine educational theories, in the field of educational psychology, to maintain appropriate implications to achieve the components of an effective correction method which in this article is called "guiding critique". This paper can be considered as a qualitative applied research. Data collection in qualitative research utilizes data resources, documentary studies, observations (intervening and non-intervening), in-depth interviews, fieldwork, and if necessary, case studies. The Delphi technique has also been used for predictions. The necessary steps for this included defining the research problem, determining the necessary characteristics of the participants, identifying the candidates for participation and inviting them, determining important factors in consultation with panel members, determining the importance of the factors from the members' point of view and reducing the number of factors, determining the order of importance of the factors and continuing until there is a consensus among them. The result of the research provides multiple solutions from the set of educational implications of constructivist theory in the form of six main chapters in advancing the "guiding critique" in the architectural studio. These chapters included: mental structure, considering distinctions, redefining roles, focus on mistakes, tools, evaluation and measurement.

There are two important issues associated with the protection of heritage buildings: first is the continued preservation of the building and second is its protection against seismic events and other destructive natural phenomena. The reason for this is the decay these buildings experience over their lifetimes. The failure of these buildings is primarily due to their weak structural systems, which are incapable of carrying lateral loads. Furthermore, Iran is among the countries with a large number of historical sites, which require expert attention for protection and rehabilitation purposes. This study aims to establish the principles of the repurposing of Tabriz Islamic Art University’s faculty of design building. For this, it was necessary to have an understanding of the underlying values, the principles of seismic rehabilitation, and the protection of heritage buildings. In addition to evaluating the theoretical principles, the complete constructional details and the desired retrofitting scheme were laid out. Then, the mechanical properties of the materials were determined using accurate equipment. In the next step, based on the data obtained from field measurements and empirical models, numerical models were constructed to ascertain the retrofitting method and the implementation scheme. This study pursues a practical goal, which it achieves through theoretical reasoning and an empirical investigation (case study). In the first stage, the necessary tests and excavations were carried out to evaluate the structure and develop an understanding of its structural and material characteristics. In the second phase of the investigation, based on the results of field observations – namely, the results of the in-situ tests and excavations – a quantitative assessment of the structure's vulnerability was carried out. This was done through a series of nonlinear static analyses, which were performed on the numerical model of the structure using two gravity loading patterns (1.1 (dead+live) and 0.9 (dead)), a triangular loading pattern, and a uniform loading pattern. Then, based on the results of the pushover analyses, the vulnerable points of the structure were identified at target displacements. In the third phase, based on the location and severity of vulnerable points, the appropriate rehabilitation method was proposed. The results of the analyses showed that the building could not satisfy the criteria of the Life Safety limit state, and the majority of the surrounding walls were not strong enough to withstand lateral loads. The results obtained from the pushover analysis showed that the retrofitted model has an acceptable performance and meets the intended rehabilitation goal. In the retrofitted building, using concrete confining elements has had a significant effect in achieving the intended performance level. The results of the study also reveal that factors such as physical and non-physical values, engineering potential, economic condition, and management of heritage structures should be taken into account in the retrofitting of heritage buildings. Furthermore, the equipment, materials, and the technologies accessible to the society are also very important factors. Since retrofitting requires certain equipment, and given the fact that protection takes precedence over retrofitting, the individuals carrying out the retrofitting operation must have the required technical expertise.

Energy consumption in the building sector accounts for a significant part of the world's total energy. Recent studies in the building and construction, regardless of the results and performance improvements, try to find an optimal way to integrate all factors that affect building behavior in a multi-objective and integrated way. To do so, the integrated and multi-objective analysis approach is the title intended for this purpose. Integrated design is a comprehensive holistic approach to design that brings together specialisms usually considered separately. It attempts to take into consideration all the factors and modulations necessary for a decision-making process. Finding the most balanced design option while considering several functions is the problem of this research, which can be realized in the integrated design process. Therefore, the study aims to generate an integrated design process, in which aspects of cooling, heating, lighting, and rainwater harvesting are addressed in the design of the southern shading devices of a conventional dormitory building. Finally, the most balanced option that provides the mentioned aspects to a relative balance can be chosen by the architect or designer. To achieve this goal, this study uses the simulation-based method and EnergyPlus software with a quantitative approach. First, the thermal, cooling, and lighting functions of the cases were evaluated. Then, in the development section, the productivity potential of the photovoltaic system and rainwater collection were analyzed as independent variables. Building envelopes of energy-efficient buildings are not simply barriers between interior and exterior; they are building systems that create comfortable spaces by actively responding to the building's external environment, and substantially reducing the buildings' energy consumption. Shading systems are one of the important elements of building envelopes. Beyond the six cases of shading devices, that were studied and been analyzed, which were generated in the integrated and multi-objective design process, the case with maximum shading logic in the summer design day that shaped with a 35-degree slope on its overhang and 65-cm depth and triangular east-west fins was the best choice due to this research criterion. This shading control in addition to providing an excellent cooling load, had a relatively high potential for useful daylighting. Additionally, it had the best performance in terms of absorbing sunlight to generate electricity and collect rainwater. Although the heating load of this case is relatively high, with respect to the challenge of providing cooling in the warm season of Tehran, it can be said that compared to other alternatives and considering all aspects, it performs best in presenting an integrated, multidimensional and balanced approach. Other cases have been examined and analyzed in detail in the research process. Although each of the other cases may be performing best in one particular aspect due to its geometry features, in the multi-objective vision it could not present an integrated and balanced performance in other aspects. It can be concluded that only with slight variations in the geometry of shading devices in the building's façade, the mentioned aspects can be achieved through an integrated design thinking process.

Apartment building facades have different emotional effects on people due to their visual elements. These physical elements, also identify the style of the facade. The effect of these physical elements on the preference or dissatisfaction of people is unclear. The present study aims to identify the physical elements affecting the aesthetics of postmodern, neoclassical, and late modern style facades. By recognizing the differences and similarities between the two groups of architects and non-architects in perceiving the aesthetics of facades and their physical elements, a step would be taken towards designing desirable apartment facades. In this study, the physical elements of 15 facades were extracted from the three mentioned styles and were structured in a questionnaire that was evaluated by architects and non-architects. Then the ranking effect of each physical element on preference was evaluated by calculating the average relative frequency of choices which were put in tables by reasoning and logical analysis. Finally, the similarities and differences between the evaluations of the two groups of architects and non-architects were analyzed and evaluated. In terms of research method, this research is pursued by content analysis methodology, with a quantitative and qualitative integrated approach. Despite the different aesthetic evaluations of architects and non-architects of the neoclassical style facades, the common opinion of both groups showed a significant preference for the postmodern style facades. Also, despite the prevalence of modern-style facades, both groups of architects and non-architects gave higher ratings for post-modern facades, which is due to the reference of this style to traditional symbols of Iran. The physical elements including frames in the facade, the protrusion of the volumes, the use of three types of materials (stone, wood, and metal), framed windows, windows located deep in the walls, stepped volumes, the use of two types of materials (stone and wood), sloping volumes and awnings were selected by architects and non-architects in the first and second rankings of preference in the late modern-style facades. The physical elements including semicircular and crescent arches, vertical façade divisions, wooden lattice guards, brick as the predominant material, designs under windows, windows located deep in the walls, turquoise elements, stepped volumes and brickwork around the windows were chosen by architects and non-architects in the first and second rankings of preference in the postmodern style facades. The physical elements of balustrade railings, pediments, rectangular cubic volumes under windows, columns on the façade, and roof arches were selected by non-architects in the first and second rankings of preference in the neoclassical style facades. The findings of the present study refer to only a few reason for satisfaction or dissatisfaction towards apartment building façades and their related physical elements and cannot be the criterion of design alone. In the postmodern style facade, symbols and architectural concepts of the past are used in a new way, and so this style is more coordinated with Iran's past architecture. Therefore, the use of physical elements of the postmodern style is recommended in designing facades.