مجله اللغه العربیه و آدابها
سال هجدهم شماره 54 (خریف 2022)

Globalization appeared as a global phenomenon in the second half of the twentieth century, then its influence expanded with the information revolution in the subsequent years, and it has come to affect all intellectual, cultural, and knowledge fields in all around the world including the Algerian and the Iranian novel, which represent the identity of these societies and express their cultural characteristics. The novels “Mamlakat al- Farasha” (The Butterfly’s Kingdom) by Wassini Al-Araj and “Eshgh va chizhaye digar” (The Love and other things) by Mustafa Mastour are among the narrative works published in the second decade of the 3rd millennium, the period in which the effects of globalization are most evident because globalization has created new cultural concepts and patterns that do not correspond to the characteristics of local and Islamic communities. This paper based on the transformational globalization theory with a comparative descriptive-analytical approach deals with the impacts of globalization on the cultural particularism of the above-mentioned novels. The results indicate that globalization has affected the cultural particularism of both novels and its traces are widely manifested in their language and lifestyle, such that language hybridization appeared as a predominant effect of globalization on language used in these novels with the difference, Araj was more interested in using the French language, while Mastoor was limited to English. In addition, phenomena such as consumer culture, use of global technologies and social networks, hedonism, obscenity and materialism are manifested as the most important effects of globalization on the lifestyles in these two novels, with this difference that use of global technologies mainly Facebook appeared only in “Mamlakat al Farasha” and on the other hand the issue of materialism was reflected only in “Eshgh va chizhaye digar”.

The issue of colonialism gained a large part of the intellectual space among the colonized eastern people and among the poets who were always the intellectual instigator of the revolution and the supporter of movements for change. With the different forms and methods of colonialism, the poets had their different methods in confronting this phenomenon. This study attempts to monitor the Iranian and Syrian poets' confrontation with the phenomenon of colonialism, and takes from the Iranian poet Mohammad Taqi Bahar and the Syrian poet Badawi Al Jabal as two examples. This study follows the analytical, descriptive and historical method. Among the expected results of this study, we find that there is a great convergence in the intellectual orientation of the poets, in giving priority to the issue of confronting colonialism, showing its negative aspects, and calling for new concepts, the most important of which are freedom, advancement and union, and spreading the culture of the state and people’s rights. However, each poet has his own peculiarity and style that differs from the other. Bahar relied on his confrontation on the direct and frank method, in a clear and detailed language, and with a high linguistic intensification, relying on the color of modern poetry and the freedom it offers of clarification and expression. While Al Badawi moved between the direct and indirect poetic style within the classical poetry method, adhering to its conditions, focusing on the poetry of the text with its rhythmic, rhyme and music.

One of the philosophies of time presented by "Henri Bergson", the French philosopher and the new psychological research carried out by the likes of "Sigmund Freud" on the interiors of the human personality and mental world, all of which have great contributions to the modernist narrative methods of modern novels. These novels were characterized by a distinct narrative discourse, such as subjecting the method of narration to temporal and linguistic chaos and other new narrative techniques. The fruits of the blending of fictional literature with psychology resulted in the creation of a new method of narration, which is the “stream of consciousness” in which the narrator tells us the events of the story about the mentality of the characters and not about their lived reality. It seems that Fadila Al-Farouq, the Algerian novelist, has relied on this method to complete her famous psychological novel, “The Discovery of Lust” about the subconscious. There is no doubt that reviewing the subconscious is not possible for the writer except by resorting to new technologies such as: free association, breaking linear time, linguistic disturbances and others. The research concluded that the writer Al-Farouq used these techniques to visualize the unconscious through the narration process and added to it the subjection of the heroine to the coma process to complete the narration in the form of the stream of consciousness.

The use of the word cow in the Holy Qur’an has a profound effect. When it is employed semanticly, it radiates subtle and hidden Qur’anic connotations and meanings; when the Qur’an transcends the linguistic use of the name of the cow and what is related to its gender to evoke the shades of meanings according to the contextual rhetorical situation, we find that it has a semantic connotation created by the context and semiotics extracts it from the Qur’anic system specified for its use that prompts the reader to receive an integrated picture of the meaning to be conveyed in a specific verbal situation. This study has adopted the context theory with its two types, the linguistic context and the situational context to reveal the semiotic connotations and explore the meanings in the Holy Qur’an with regard to the employment of the cow race in the Holy Qur’an. Our study, which was conducted on the basis of the descriptive and analytical approach and based on the views of the commentators of the Holy Qur’an, revealed the effect of the semiotic significance in discovering meanings that concealed behind the linguistic phenomenon of cows in the Holy Qur’an. The context also helped to link these apparent meanings with the hidden meanings and create An integrated picture of Quranic meanings and connotations that fit the semantic space prevailing in a surah or Quranic event.

The Quranic exegesis provided by Sheikh Abd al-Rahman Hassan Habannaka al-Maidani in Ma’arij al-Tafakkur wa Daqa’iq al-Tadabbur is a contemporary interpretation of the Noble Quran that has been authored with a new reflective approach. Before providing a contemplative exegesis of the Noble Quran, the author had written a book entitled Qawa’id al-Tadabbur al-Amthal li al-Kitab Allah azz wa Jall, where he had formulated forty fundamental rules for reflection and contemplation of the Quran, emphasizing the expressive miracle of the Quran and its rhetoric aspects. Adopting a reflective approach, Maidani has based his exegesis on the rules in the latter book and on the order of revelation of the verses. Not only does he explain the vocabulary and the meanings of the verses there, but he also reflects on the connotations of the words and their relationships with the topics of the chapters and other verses, and investigates the requirements, intellectual connections, and rhetoric aspects of the texts. An important topic that the author has contemplated is the expressive miracle and the rhetoric aspects of the Noble Quran. For that reason, he has concluded most of the chapters with an appendix on its rhetoric points, where he has examined and analyzed topics concerning word order, figures of speech, and embellishments. This research seeks to investigate the expressive miracle and rhetoric aspects of the Noble Quran in Volume 15 of Ma’arij al-Tafakkur wa Daqa’iq al-Tadabbur with a descriptive-analytical method. The results demonstrate that most of the rhetoric topics addressed in this volume of the exegesis concern word order, and some pertain to figures of speech and embellishments, where the author has applied innovations in some cases as well as citations from other exegeses.

Pragmatics studies how the listener discovers the intentions of the speaker and studies its meaning, and one of the most important mechanisms of analysis in the deliberative study is the verbal act and it is a material activity to achieve impactful achievement goals related to the recipient's reactions after receiving the speech. What matters to the research is what Searle sees in the verbal act, where the speaker practices an action towards the hearer and it consists of two components; From (judicial content), speaker, addressee, intent, and (executive function), the context and what it contains from the act of saying, the executing power (included in the saying) and the effective power resulting from the act of saying, as they are the axes on which the speech act theory stands. And Searle re-proposed five categories of performance verbs, which are (informations, commitments, directives, declarations, expressions). Descriptive and descriptive, and the importance and necessity of research lies in revealing direct and indirect news and its fulfillment purposes. The most important findings of the research are the manifestation of direct verbal acts by telling about the infidels wishing for friendship to return to Islam, and God (Glory be to Him) describing His Messenger to leave as a fulfilling function, and deciding the state of the infidels and their fate as a judicial content, and informing the descending of angels and informing the glorification of God and his ability, while indirect actions were manifested by reprimand and slander. And threatening and amusement for the Prophet, warning, exposure, threat, reprimand and denial. Which clarified the realms of achievement power and influence power in the speech, whether direct or indirect.