پژوهشنامه نهج البلاغه
پیاپی 37 (بهار 1401)

Critical discourse analysis as a novel branch of human knowledge defines discourse based on specific methods and frameworks. This model analyzes language aiming at revealing hidden power relations and ideological processes in linguistics. One of the basic theories in the field of critical discourse analysis is the theory of practical discourse analysis method which is carried out in the discourse analysis of religious texts in five discursive, structural, semantic, communicative and meta-discourse spheres. The present research employed descriptive-analytical methodology to study governance ties in the speech of Imam Ali (PBUH) through enlisting Practical Critical Discourse Analysis Method. The result of the research revealed that the speech of Imam Ali (PBUH) was charged by an extra-discursive, political and psychological atmosphere. Also, Imam's speech was imbued with aappealing diction and a special semantic characteristic that inspired the school ideology of the Imam. This discourse was of course not oblivious to intra-discourse connections, and traces of this intra-textual connection could be detected in Imam's speech

The marked informatin structure is one of the topics addressed by role-oriented linguists and, consequently, translation theorists. Any change in sentence elements imposes a different application. Although marked items in any language are less frequent than their unmarked counterparts, they are formally more complex and have a greater semantic load. Changing the normal structure of the language and creating a labeled style may complicate the translation process and require more accuracy of the translator and complete cognition of the structure of the target and source languages. Beacause two propositions may have the same meaning in appearance but have different meanings in terms of communication and verbal. Understanding this issue is very important especially in translating sacred texts, and the translator must produce a text that has the maximum parity with the original text in terms of informatin structure by making morphological and syntactic changes and adjustments. The present study, based on the method of content analysis and relying on Lambreckt's theory, has examined and analyzed Garmaroodi's translation of Shaqshaqieh's sermon.

This research, based on the method of Dating, examines the origin and evolution of the term "seven climates" among narrations and other ancient sources with two approaches of source and text, and a different view of the historical origin of the view of Dr Pakatchi. It has an envelope. Due to the uniqueness of the hadith, the documentary approach did not help us much in solving the problem, and with more emphasis on the text-based approach, we examined the sources that dealt with the subject of climate week in both general and specialized ways of geography. There are basically two main sources for dividing the land into seven parts: the first seven Persian countries whose translation into Arabic became popular with the term Sab'a al-Aqalim and the second seven Greek climates which were translated into Arabic in the late second and early third centuries AH and Islamic texts found their way. There is evidence to suggest that the term climates of the seven years before the translation of the works of Ptolemy and other Greek scholars, due to cultural-political-commercial relations between Iran and Islam, through Kufa - Imam Ali (AS) Government center-and in writings such as Persian zijs, and especially the familiarity of people like Ibn Muqaffa with the Arabic language, have entered the popular culture of Muslims from the East and bring to mind the Persian discourse for the audience of the words of the Amir al-Mu'minin (AS).

The Great men life is the manifestation of their beliefs and perfection. Quran has introduced prophet as a role -model and asked people to follow him. Familiarity with the religious, educational, political, social, economic and military positions of the Prophet is inevitable for building a new Islamic civilization.  Imam Ali has indicted to cultural, political and social situations in prophetic mission era. He, also has signified the influence of Islam which led to full-scale revolution in the world and the Arabian Peninsula in particular. This study has analyzed summits of the Prophet's life with regard to Nahjolbalaghe based on analytical and descriptive methods. Furthermore, it came into conclusion that Islamic society should be inspired by prophet’s life to reach happiness, welfare and power.

Nahj al-Balagha is one of the important moral books from the perspective of Shiites in Islam. The present study focused on the construction and psychometric validation of the psycho-political feeling security scale based on Nahj al-Balagha. Accordingly, the qualitative method of content analysis of Nahj al-Balagha was primarily employed to extract the components related to the psychological and political areas of security. After determining the items associated with these components, the experts approved their face and content validities to construct the scale.  The whole scale was implemented on a sample of 400 university students after item correction to validate its psychometric properties. According to the results, the scale had reliabilities of 0.85 and 0.96 with the retest method and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Besides, the results of the factor analysis showed the first-order two-factor structure. Overall, the results of both exploratory and confirmatory factors indicated two explicit factors of political and psychological security. Ultimately, it can be concluded that this scale, with emphasis on Nahj al-Balagha, is a valid Islamic scale to measure the individual's feelings about political and psychological security in various studies.

Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics which emphasizes the reproduction of social and political power through texts and dialogues, and that studies language for social scientific purposes regarding ideology, power, history, and society on the level of text. Since the critical method considers power relations, it tends to be associated with a kind of social transformation instruction that results from discourse and worldview, and it investigates the hidden power relations and political, cultural, and ideological processes in the text with a critical view through rhetoric, syntax, situational and intertextual and context, and demonstrates discourse contrasts. Shaqshaqiya Sermon is considered an interesting critical discourse considering its important historical points on caliphate and Bay'ah (allegiance). The present research addresses the discourse analysis of Shaqshaqiya Sermon on three levels of description, interpretation and explanation with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on Norman Fairclough's critical discourse model in order to discover how Ali (AS) criticized the performance of the caliphs and the way he criticized the deviations and sufferings of the Islamic society after  the demise of the Messenger of God and also how to demonstrate the public allegiance of the people to the Imam in the form of the aforementioned theory and to reveal the relationship between power and ideology in the mentioned discourse. The research results suggest that on the level of description, using the collocation of opposite and synonymous words, figures of speech, speech acts, emphatic declarative sentences, short sentences, and lexical links, the Imam tries to show the contrast between the justice-seeking Alavi discourse and the rival discourse. As on the level of interpretation, by direct and indirect application of the Quranic verses, he tries to explain his knowledge and awareness and his disinterest in the unjust caliphate, and express the vile traits of violators (Nakethin), deviators (Ghasetin), and apostates (Mareghin). On the level of explanation, in addition to preventing the deviant ideology from coming to power again, Ali (AS) tries to provide the ground for the reproduction of authentic Islamic discourse by explaining the historical issues of the caliphate.

Shia Imamia believes in the necessity of the existence of an imam in all times and considers the clear text to be obligatory for all imams, along with infallibility and according to this view, the text is one of the reasons for proving the imamate, and the imamate is not proven without a miracle, unless there is a text and the arrest of the Messenger (PBUH) on the person of that Imam. In Ghefari's books and based on his documents - which he considers to be taken from authentic Shia sources -, this Shia point of view has been denied in various ways, and among his reasons are a number of the sayings and writings of Ali (a.s.) in Nahj. It is al-Balagha.