مجله دراسات فی العلوم الانسانیه
سال بیست و نهم شماره 3 (خریف 1444)

Metaphorical systems are orderly groupings consisting of conceptual, ontological, and structural metaphors based on sensory experiences and are the result of our interaction with the surrounding environment. The term conceptual metaphor was introduced into the literature by George Lycoff and Mark Johnson, based on cognitive science models and semantic approaches, and with the question of whether conceptual metaphors are separate or interconnected. A new group called "metaphorical systems" was introduced, which includes the metaphor of the "great chain of existence" and the "structure of the event metaphor." This study tries to examine the types of metaphorical systems in selected poems from the work of Khalil Mutran and the poetic collection of Golchin Gilani to determine which types of metaphorical systems the two poets have used in their poetry? And what conceptual features have this kind of use of metaphor give to the poetry of Khalil Mutran and Golchin Gilani? The results indicate that Mutran describes the society as a phenomenon as well as a complex abstract system using the " great chain of existence " metaphor and its related features and the results that govern the individuals of the society, conceptualizes as an event using the "event structure metaphor". Golchin Gilani also deals with man, war and death as a phenomenon in the shadow of "metaphors of the great chain of existence" and uses the metaphors of "event structure" to conceptualize the fleeting moments of life, happiness and kindness in the mind of the audience.

The growing importance of university entrepreneurship as a key strategy for innovation and creativity in line with regional capabilities and advantages is of utmost attention these days. The present research has been conducted by taking into account qualitative method and an analytical approach. The statistical population included academic and organizational experts who were selected through purposeful method and the interview continued until a theoretical saturation was reached. Both validity and reliability were put to test. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA2018 software and with three coding steps (instance, main theme, and sub-theme) axes were identified. Based on the research results; university entrepreneurship drivers including "government, industry, society and university" higher education planning including "culture, labor, geography and history", effective governance factors including "strategic, regulatory and upstream document", institutional factors including "formal and informal institutions", dynamic compliance mechanisms including "identifying opportunities and capabilities of the region, tailoring and meeting the needs of regions" Suggested values ​​including "innovation, opportunism and utilitarianism were identified as "international, national, environmental and strategic strategies", evaluation including "micro and macro evaluation" and outcomes including "economic, political, social / cultural consequences" were identified. This research provided a practical model by systematizing and completing the "triple, quadruple and quintile" helical models. In the context of Iran, the excellence of higher education and the development of university entrepreneurship based on regional capabilities and advantages were presented.

Attention to child and childhood has existed throughout history as pre-sociological paradigms. The present study tries to retrospectively examine Ghazali’s views on child and childhood, and measure the importance he gave to this issue. Al-Ghazali is one of the well-known thinkers of the fifth century AH, whose views on education and divine-human thought have greatly influenced the future. This study is conducted using the documentary method. The studied documents included primary and secondary sources. The results show that Ghazali, while paying attention to child and childhood, considers the nature of children to be pure and innocent. These children are understood under the banner of two institutions of family and "high school" (school), both of which are responsible for raising and educating children. The child has characteristics such as weakness of intellect, imitation and imperfection, which are placed in the process of socialization on the one hand by adults with the power of education and discipline. Al-Ghazali considers the beginning of childhood from the time of sperm formation to the end of puberty for girls and the age of sixteen for boys, from which they can enter into married life, in other words, the world of adulthood. The findings led the researcher to conclude that al-Ghazali, despite his use of the concept of "child," focused on children-boys rather than children-girls.

Thinking is not innate or inherited matter rather achieved through learning and experience. Examining some related studies, it was found that the dimensions of entrepreneurial thinking are not classified into multiple dimensions, and it was noted that their dimensions are related to the fields of innovation. There is an overlap in the organization that can be considered these two variables in relation to customer loyalty to the brand. Assessing the existing backgrounds in this field, the lack of research is felt especially about the mediating role of entrepreneurial thinking. The present study is descriptive-correlational based on the applied purpose and based on the nature and method. In the analysis of Kalmogorov-Smirnov test results, it was shown that the data distribution was not normal; therefore, Smart Pls software was used for data analysis. The PLS method for fitting and evaluating the validity of structural equation models covers three parts. Fitting of measurement models, fit of structural model, fit of general model. The results showed that the conceptual model has a good fit. Also, to test the research hypotheses, the path coefficient and statistical value of t were used, which were all confirmed and the results of this study showed that the innovation of the organization has an effect on customer loyalty and entrepreneurial thinking and entrepreneurial thinking can play a mediating role in this regard.

Identity means the reality of a person, thing, group and nation. There is no being without identity in the world of existence. It has different in types like historical, linguistic, religious, social and cultural identifies. This paper aims to study the effect of Karbala and the Ashura events on the historical and socio-cultural identity of Shia in old poetry, from the first to the fifth century AH, based on the qualitative content analytical method. This research is based on the poetry of ten old Shia poets. This article draws conclusions such as: Karbala is part of the history of Shias, their historical and political identities, which cannot be deciphered. The poets have preserved it in their collections, as it is a factor for the unity of the Shiites. The social and cultural morale of the Shiites on the day of Ashura, not only has an emotional dimension, but political and spiritual as well. The poet adheres to it in order to establish unity among the people, and to minimize their pain. We see old Shia poets not very inclined to explain the details of Ashura, but rather talk about the faculties that constitute the foundations of their beliefs.

Teachers evaluation as one of the essential educational needs has an important role in improving educational quality and developing smart schools. The lack of implementation of a systematic and scientific evaluation system not only will discourage committed teachers, but also will have consequences such as reduced commitment and leave the organizational work. Therefore, the present study attempts to present a fuzzy inference system (FIS) model to evaluate the performance of teachers working in smart schools of Yazd province. In this regard, after reviewing the literature and identifying the factors affecting performance evaluation in two sections of computer literacy and classroom performance, the fuzzy Delphi technique was used to get experts agreement (20 experts) on the model’s final criteria. The ambiguity and complexity of performance appraisal criteria, especially qualitative criteria, as well as the use of verbal variables for extracting expert opinions, led to the use of fuzzy inference system for analyzing model components. In the case of the under study schools, the output of the system indicates that the status of smart school teachers in the basic courses and content production criteria is at intermediate level, in the Internet and educational supplementary software is at a relatively high level, and in the educational content development and electronic evaluation is at a low level. Based on these findings, teachers performance in smart schools was evaluated as medium level. Finally, some suggestions were proposed to improve the current status of smart schools.

Effective language teaching methods have a fundamental role in enhancing the learners’ competence and performance, but with regard to the place of affective variables in language learning environment, any chosen method needs to use techniques to elaborate the learners’ motivation and create a positive attitude toward language classes, school and classroom activities. The present study, therefore, in line with the felt need for effective Arabic teaching methods in Iranian schools and universities, attempts to investigate the efficacy of interaction-based methods in comparison to teacher-centered language teaching methods. A quasi-experimental method was designed with two intact classes of grade two in a senior secondary school. The population group experienced an interaction-based method, while the control group experienced a teacher-centered method. Johnson’s (1983) scale of motivation was used to measure the students’ motivation levels at the beginning and at the end of the study. The analysis of the results of the study using SPSS software revealed significant difference between the means of the groups in favor of using the interaction-based method by the experimental group. In other words, although classroom activities in the interaction-oriented method impose additional effort on learners, but its effectiveness is also greater in terms of supporting learners and interacting with the teacher through corrective Feedback negotiation.

There are some factors that can pose limit before the performance of obligations and cause obligation to be changed or terminated at all. These factors can have legal or voluntary origins, each of which can be explicit or implicit. Among the factors of administrative origin are the conditions of construction or collusion that can change the obligation. The parties to the obligation in this condition agree to the obligation before or during the contract and make the obligation based on it. The masonry condition without an obligatory statement can be based on the implicit will to change the limits and this can be either increasing or decreasing the obligation and is applicable in property and related rights of individuals and can be an obligation committed to the development and/ or reduce and finally, if not committed to it, could cause the termination or invalidity of the obligation by the parties.

Stylistics is one of the braches of literary criticism that particularly focuses on the data of linguistics and rhetoric and deals with its text and structure to reveal inherent aesthetics in it and show the reader expressive patterns, leading to distinguish the works of writers. Sheikh Ahmad Al-Waeli is one of the contemporary poets who took an active style in his political poems, especially “Hadith Palestine”. He talks about the will of the people of this land in particular and the Arabs in general to defend their usurped rights. This study aims to analyze the ode at two levels i.e. semantic and rhetorical by taking into account the descriptive-analytical method, to reveal its inherent connotations and reach its wonderful aesthetics. The results of this study show that the poet employs tandem at the semantic level and contrast to understand ideas about the land of Palestine and Palestinian uniqueness and increasing sense of patriotism.  He applauds the Palestinian fighters who did not leave their resistance on the occupied land. In terms of rhetoric, the poet uses verbal repetition in a special way to alert the addressee that the concept presented through repetition needs more caution and awareness. The dialogue that takes place in the ode by asking questions from a child and answering by his father, prepares the reader to reflect about the right of the Palestinians to demand and the invalidity of the occupiers. Although the father, while answering to the child, expects the good and success in the future for his country, to not forget the depression weighing on his shoulders, which is racist and hateful on the part of the Zionists who try to promote it from time to time that the Arabs are not equal to them.