فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، بهار 1401)

Rural migration has shaped a wide range of problems for developing countries in different dimensions. One of the direct effects of unplanned migration from rural areas to cities in Iran is the formation of informal sectors in urban areas of the country. It is obvious that the formation of this sector is the direct result of rural migration along with the phenomenon of urban population growth, which is now one of the challenges of urban management in the country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of rural migrations in the formation of informal jobs with an emphasis on economic dimensions in Mohammadabad district in Qarchak city. The current study was an applied and descriptive-analytical research. Data were collected by library and survey methods. In order to analyze the data single sample t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests were used. According to Cochran's formula, the statistical population of the study is 168 sellers in Qarchak Mohammadabad district, which reached 260 to determine accuracy. The results of the research show that most of the employees in the informal sector are in the study area of rural immigrants. The status of informal sector workers was also economically desirable and there was a significant relationship between the educational status of immigrants and the formation of informal occupations in the study area. The results indicated that lack of proper employment, lack of expertise, and insufficient capital were the reasons for the expansion of the peddling business in the study area.

Increasing urbanization and acceleration due to technological advances, in addition to positive consequences, have led to increased stress and reduced leisure of public spaces and increased escape from urban environments, and intensified the need for relaxing spaces for leisure and presence in urban spaces. Has been made public. It seems necessary to study and analyze the spaces that have been designed to meet the immaterial needs of human beings in order to provide the ground for their contemplation and spiritual life in the shadow of creating peace and comfort. Aliqapo Street, due to its location on the historical route of Ardabil, is actually considered as the beating heart of the city in ceremonies and especially religious mourning. In the old context, this street faced many problems due to its integrated, closed and concentrated physical dimension. After the reconstruction and construction of the sidewalk, there is more fundamental weakness in terms of activity and performance. The present study, by emphasizing the effect of comfort in promoting social sustainability in urban spaces, seeks to identify the effect of comfort components on social sustainability of Aliaqapo sidewalk in Ardabil. The research hypothesis is that providing comfort has a direct and significant relationship with the social sustainability of urban spaces and the main question is to explain the relationship between comfort (climate, social, psychological and physical) and social sustainability on sidewalks with emphasis on the case study.

The research strategy to test the research hypothesis is a correlation strategy. In the qualitative dimension, the conceptual model of the research was extracted by studying previous researches Based on that, questionnaires (300 according to Charles Cochran's formula) based on 41 questions based on Likert scale were completed in the form of field studies (simple random sampling) and in-person referral of the questioner in the statistical community among passersby and businessmen. It was done in Aali Qapo Street, Ardabil. The variables of this study include the function of comfort (social comfort and environmental comfort) as an independent variable and social stability (indicators of social identity, social belonging, social sense, social interaction and social participation) as dependent variables and individual variables (gender, marital status, age, type of residence, occupation, income and education) The sample size was calculated and considered as 300 questionnaires based on Cochran's formula. To evaluate the reliability of the research items, Cronbach's alpha statistic with a range of (0) to (1) was used, which was 0.923 and confirms the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.

The result of the mean of the variable indices indicates that the mean of the applied psychological index is in the range of 24 to59, 38.59. the average of the behavioral index is in the range of 11 to 30, 22.58 is the average, and the thermal index is in the range of 11 to 35. 22.93 average level and sound index with an average of 10.46, between 3 to 15, is rated average. Also, the level of visual index with an average of 28.22 in the range of 13 to 40 is average. The results of the mean of the indicators of social stability variable indicate that the mean of the indicators of identity is 4.16 and belonging is 3.37 and social sense is 3.27 and social interaction is 3.70 and social participation is 3.50. The study of correlation coefficients between the components of comfort and social stability shows that between the variable of comfort with social stability between the physical variable with social stability, between the behavioral variable and social stability, between the visual variable and social stability and between the thermal and social stability variables with intensity "Strong" correlation has a significant relationship. There is a significant relationship between voice variable and social stability at 95% confidence level with "very weak" correlation intensity. Examination of the regression table shows that there is a linear relationship between all components of comfort and social stability. According to beta coefficients, the most influential factor on social stability is the behavioral component with a coefficient of 0.721 and the lowest is the sound component with a coefficient of 0.189. There is a linear relationship between the physical-psychological component and social stability, between the behavioral component and social stability, between the thermal component and social stability, and between the visual component and social stability. There is a weak linear relationship between the vocal component and social stability.

According to the findings, Aliqapo pedestrian street has moderate comfort and low social stability, and the existence of environmental and social comfort has a significant relationship with increasing the level of social stability in urban spaces with the strength of "strong" correlation. In terms of the factors affecting comfort on social stability, a significant relationship was found between the component of behavioral comfort and social stability with a greater degree of correlation than other components and it can indicate that security, presence, personalization, sensory experience and perception of each A person from his environment in creating a sense of comfort and increasing presence in public spaces and as a result leads to increased interactions and social stability. Therefore, in addition to the physical components, the effect of the social dimension of human comfort on social sustainability is also confirmed, which is an innovative aspect of research compared to previous research. Inclusion, accessibility, urban facilities, diversity and attractiveness, leisure, beautification, flexibility, pollution control, security and safety and compatibility are important factors in promoting the comfort of urban sidewalks.

For exploration, creation and promotion of quality, we need to study the architectural extensions from the point of view of all their superficial and semantic aspects. To promote quality, precise review of these superficial and semantic is necessary. House as a shelter for answering human needs is one of the significant extensions of architecture that requires many studies in order to provide the ground for promotion of its quality, because contemporary houses as compared to past lack many concepts both from the point of view of content and appearance. On the other hand, house has evolved as a significant social need and can be studied in comparison with other arts. Among other arts, fictional literature due to its being a truth-like translation of daily life in the domain of literature has a close relation with the structure of society. For in one sense, it is a reflection of social realities. Therefore, this question is raised that which concepts of houses of Pahlavi II can be understood and studied from the point of view of an author of fictional literature and through the texts and books? The current study is done based on the hypothesis that in rereading of fictional stories from the point of view of phenomenology, valuable concepts of house should be developed from the semantic and physical perspectives so that these concepts of house can be inferred from stories from the point of view of human emotions and lived individual experiences. Meanwhile, phenomenological approach is a significant qualitative approach in the field of theoretical literature of architecture on which few studies have conducted in relation to the residential Iranian houses. The goal of raising this issue is the discovery of the meaning and concept of life in urban houses of Tehran in Pahlavi II era in an analytic form and from a phenomenological point of view as well as their importance in the houses of those times in a contemplative way and from the perspective of a literary and fictional author so that we can reveal the undiscovered aspects of Iranian houses. This study struggles to first introduce the concepts of house from the perspective of phenomenologists, and then proceed to assay the concepts, meanings and physical body of the houses of Pahlavi II era in the relevant texts and books based on the method of content analysis and by application of hermeneutical method. The importance and necessity of present study also lies in the lack of meaning and fall of the spatial quality in contemporary houses that we seek to reach it through the exploration of past houses from a different perspective. Given the growing progress and flourishing of fictional literature and emergence of different authors in Pahlavi II era, this period is an appropriate context for description of events and states of people in those times at Tehran city in view of the study of fictional texts with a realist content. The results show that architectural concepts of residential houses of Pahlavi II era in fictional texts of Jamal Mirsadeghi which have been written during this period are of high emotional richness both from semantic and physical perspectives that can be analyzed from a phenomenological point of view. The found components such as the desire to enter the place and spatial diversity and respect for nature and the quality of the cover texture, have created semantic concepts and multiplicity of emotional space such as spatial transparency, memory, spatial experience, tranquility, security, privacy and identity in homes. The increase in the quality of each component of the place is a result of people's satisfaction with living in the residential spaces of that period.

Today, worn-out urban structures form a large part of the country's cities. Living in these tissues with problems such as anxiety, abnormality, insecurity, depression, Lack of social participation, etc., is associated. Therefore, the issue of organizing these contexts has been on the agenda of managers and planners in recent years. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to Investigation and analysis of factors affecting the Organizing worn-out urban tissues (Case study: Saravan). The present study is a descriptive-survey research in terms of purpose in the field of applied research and based on its nature and method. The statistical population of the study includes professors, experts and specialists in the field under study. Using Delphi technique, 20 people were selected as the sample population. In this research, SWOT model have been used to measure and analyze. The results showed that among the internal factors among the strengths (having the spirit of participation and cooperation in improving and renovating the neighborhood) with a weight score of 0.35 the highest and the history of urbanization of the neighborhood for a long time with a weight score of 0.08, has the lowest value. Also (increase in urban crime and the existence of social harms and abnormal behaviors associated with unemployment and addiction, etc.) with a weight score of 0.40 is the most important cause of weakness. Among the external factors (high economic efficiency with the reconstruction of this sector and the settlement of the population in it compared to the development of the external sectors (theory of authenticity and the model of revitalization of the city) with a weight score of 0.35 is the most important factor of opportunity. And (occurrence of human catastrophe in case of earthquake and continuation of the main residents fleeing the neighborhood) with a weight score of 0.35 are the most important threat.

This research looks at the issue of "social sustainability" from the origin of urban development and at the scale of "neighborhood" and tries to compare the indicators of social sustainability in different urban areas. The most important question posed in this research is  that; What are the indicators of social sustainability in urban neighborhoods with different forms? In the following, during the research process, we try to answer this question and achieve the goals of the research.

The present research is practical in terms of its purpose and has used a quantitative approach and a comparative study with the help of survey and questionnaire tools to achieve its goals. The studied samples are three neighborhoods "Doctors' Cove", "Qaani" and "Ishaq Beyk", which are located in the new, middle and old contexts of Shiraz city, respectively. In order to conduct the survey, a questionnaire was developed based on the theoretical framework of the research, whose indicators can be seen in Table No. 2. In this selection, an attempt was made to select the most frequent and appropriate indicators according to the conditions of the investigated areas. For each index, two to three items were set and the survey was conducted in the months of October and November 2018 in the number of 150 people and a total of 450 people in each neighborhood. In the survey and sampling process, for each urban block, according to the area, the share of the desired questionnaire was determined and distributed and collected in the same proportion. In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire, three professors of urban planning reviewed the questionnaire and compared it with the investigated indicators, and their opinions were applied in editing the questionnaire. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, with the help of a pre-test with 30 samples, Cronbach's alpha test was used, and the result of this test was 0.846, confirming the reliability of the questionnaire. The data obtained from the questionnaire after being entered into SPSS software have been analyzed with the help of t-test and one-way variance statistical tests.

The findings from the data at this stage show that the level of "social interactions" in Ishaqbek neighborhood is higher than the other two neighborhoods. This neighborhood also has a higher level of social participation according to statistical findings. It seems that the  organic texture and the age of residence in the neighborhood have had an impact on the promotion of these two factors of social stability. On the other hand, according to the findings of this survey, this neighborhood does not have a good situation in terms of "security".Doctors neighborhood has the highest level of security among the three neighborhoods. Also, the situation of "social justice" and especially the fair access to services in Doctors' Coy is better than the other two neighborhoods. In the case of the "spirit of the local - community" factor, even though the doctors have a higher level, there is no significant difference in the statistical findings between the three areas. The "good residence" factor, which indicates stability and residential satisfaction, is higher in the doctors' neighborhood than in the two neighborhoods of Qaani and Ishaq Beyk. In total, the result and the average of the factors obtained from the descriptive findings show that Doctors' Quarter has a higher level of social sustainability factors than the other two neighborhoods. Picture number 2 also compares social sustainability factors in three neighborhoods in the form of a diagram. In the graph (number 2), the average factors affecting social sustainability are shown separately by locality. in four factors; "Sense of security", "social justice", "local community spirit" and "good living", doctors' coy was significantly better than the other two neighborhoods. In the two factors of "social participation" and "social interactions", the condition of Ishaq Beyg and then Qaani is better than that of doctors.

The results of the data analysis in this research show that more compact and organic structures, with a long history of construction and a longer history of residence and a higher population density, have better opportunities for friendship and communication with neighbors in the form of "social interactions" as well as the desire to participate in local events. And it provides the desire to solve neighborhood problems in the form of "social participation" factor. The presence of traditional cooperative groups such as religious groups or ethnic groups as well as uses such as mosques and hosseiniyehs in these neighborhoods leads to the improvement of both indicators of interactions and social participation. But the wear and tear of these tissues and the lack of variety of urban uses have challenged the feeling of security at different hours of the day and night. Also, the establishment of extra-local services in some of these contexts and the low level of local services in them has reduced access to services. The problem of access to public transportation has also fueled this issue and has overall reduced the index of "social justice" in these neighborhoods. In addition to that, the feeling of satisfaction with life in these neighborhoods has declined due to livelihood and economic problems and "good living" which is one of the effective factors in promoting social stability has decreased in this category of tissues. The establishment of local uses and night uses, as well as the expansion of public transportation, can improve the access situation and "social justice", and also improve the feeling of security in these contexts. Also, improving the physical condition of housing and establishing open and leisure spaces in these contexts can also increase residential satisfaction and improve the "good residence" factor, as well as improve the sense of belonging to the neighborhood and the "spirit of the local community" factor, and in general, improve social sustainability in these tissues help a lot.

Introduction:

 in today's evolving world due to powerful phenomena such as globalization and the development of information-communication (virtual-real), given the value and importance of cities in the local and global economy, considering the development of capacities of urban political interactions with value. In fact, cities, like local territories, can overcome their problems and provide the ground for their social, economic and environmental development through the capacities that they acquire through communication and political interactions in the international arena. Thus, it can be argued that urban diplomacy is a new form of diplomacy in which the world's cities participate, using the potential of the world's metropolises to develop international intercity policies rather than intergovernmental policies. The framework of urban policy is based on the potential of citizenship.

Methodology:

this research was applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptiveanalytical in terms of method. In order to collect the information and data required for the research, it has been used as a documentary-library with filing and survey-field tools with interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of the study included officials in the field of urban management of Tehran metropolitan municipality and the university community and urban elites whose sample size was 100 people (minimum descriptive analysis quorum) and were randomly selected. In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression test in SPSS software environment were used to model the structural equations of the data in Amos software environment.

Results and discussion:

 the results indicated that the development of urban diplomacy with regard to cultural and popular capacities in the globalization of Tehran with a variance of 18.73% has the highest percentage of the variance of the development of urban diplomacy with regard to globalization capacities. Also, according to the six factors extracted, the development of urban diplomacy has 0.834% of the variance of the globalization of Tehran in the context of national and international cooperation, networking, cultural and economic, and the study of urban diplomacy development according to globalization capacities. It also showed that urban diplomacy has a 53.7% effect on cooperation and networking of Tehran's globalization, 53.7% on the cultural context of Tehran's globalization and 45.6% on the national economic and international dimension of Tehran's globalization. Globalization will create the connection and solidarity of countries, societies and citizens from all over the world. Also, in the era of globalization, political interactions are one of the most important tools for promoting national power. In this regard, political interactions and globalization have effects and approaches. Positive and negative are based on various dimensions that can be studied in the context of global cities. In other words, the cities that have benefited the most from the flow of goods, capital, services, and immigrants, called global cities, have brought the highest levels of economic, social, and infrastructural benefits to their citizens. On the other hand, the way to enter the world cities was competitive, it was possible and cities by considering the principles of development in the fields of economy, research and development, cultural interaction, livability, environment and accessibility (the ability of the city to compete in these areas with other cities Global) will be able to become an influential global city.

Conclusion:

all in all, founding of Southwest Asia Cities Network by Tehran Metropolis, creating a union and network of cities inside Iran to exchange knowledge, facilities and trade of domestic municipalities with each other as a basis for preparing domestic municipalities with their foreign counterparts, creating a memorandum of understanding for student exchange and scientific cooperation and international conferences focusing on the cities of neighboring countries, strengthening humanitarian institutions centered on the cities of neighboring countries, Attracting foreign investors from cities in neighboring countries, creating and expanding information communication infrastructure to introduce natural-historical attractions, services to the international audience to become the city of Tehran as a brand and destination for tourism and investment, launching multilingual websites and social networks with the focus on introducing the attractions, potentials and capacities of Tehran city development as well as investment opportunities in this city as one of the main advertising and marketing tools in the era of globalization and so on could be raised In order to develop the political interactions of Tehran, considering the capacities of globalization in the context of cooperation and networking, national and international cultural and economic issues.

The current research seeks to develop strategies for the development of tourism services, so that by evaluating these variables, the performance of officials and managers from the perspective of the people, experts, tourists and trustees of Shiraz city, in relation to the development of urban tourism services, and practical solutions for improvement. The existing situation and the satisfaction of tourists should be presented as a result. The goal is to identify points and factors that have positive effects in relation to the provision of services, in relation to the development of tourism. Therefore, this research will be carried out with the aim of developing strategies for the development of tourism services in Shiraz to scientifically analyze the gap between the expectations and perceptions of foreign and domestic tourists from the tourism service centers of Shiraz and develop practical strategies to improve services.