Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:7 Issue: 4, Autumn 2022

Oral and craniomaxillofacial diseases contain conditions affecting both the soft and hard tissues of face and also dentalarches. Exploiting the bioactive nanomaterials (NMs) in clinical utility has been extensively evolved. The NMs offer incredible progress in the averting and cure of oral and maxillofacial conditions. In the current review, we offer a glimpse into recent development in NMs used to oral and maxillofacial tissue regeneration and disorders therapy, with particular focus on the promoting the quality of oral and maxillofacial healthcare. NMs include polymers, liposomes, particles, micelles, capsules, and scaffolds in nano-size offer worthy oral health. They recognize and cure diseases, restore tissue failing, and enhance the restoration of the physical activity of the tissue by representing the construction of natural tissue. We also delivered an efficient, and the important knowledge gaps for upcoming investigation.

Magnetic nanoparticles of bismuth oxide and iron oxide (BOIO NPs) are extensively used for more accurate medical diagnosis in MRI and CT imaging due to their improved X-ray absorbance and magnetic properties. The nanoparticles (NPs) utilized in the diagnosis of damaged tissue can also be considered an improvement factor in treatment. In this study, an anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin, was loaded on BOIO NPs.

The BOIO NPs were synthesized using the hydrothermal precipitation method. To ensure stable dispersion, the NPs were coated with silica-polyethylene glycol (PEG). Indomethacin was also used to alleviate the initial inflammation. The drug was loaded on the PEG shell with a solvent.

Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory tests were carried out on H9C2 cells and H2O2 treated cells. MRI and CT signal amplification was evaluated in the phantom. In MRI and CT, the signal surge of these NPs investigated at four concentrations (0, 0.85, 1.7, 3.4 mg/ml) by significant differences (P< 0.05). The best drug loading efficiency (DLE) and drug loading content (DLC) were measured as 58.5 ±8 % and 10.5 ±1.3 % respectively. Invitro drug release evaluated after 72 h was about 44.08±0.01%. 

According to the results of MRI and CT techniques and signal amplification relative to water for PEGsi-BOIO NPs, it is concluded that these NPs could be employed to track any inflammated tissue. The cytotoxicity results demonstrated the improvement of the induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H9C2 tissue cells and its capability through the delivery of indomethacin.

Carbamazepine (CZB) as a medication for epilepsy and anxiety therapy, presenting a complex pharmacokinetic profile and severe side effects. Therefore, the development of strategies that significantly decrease the side effects and frequency of administration, together with a simple administration, is still a great need. In this respect the use of lipid-based nano systems, such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) is highly efficient. In this process, the lipids were used are Cetyl palmitate and Coconut oil to made NLCs, 75°C water bath was prepared; which was included surfactants, Tween80 and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), the particles produced by adding the above-mentioned lipids, dissolved in Dichloromethane in this environment. Physiochemical tests were carried out, In vitro drug release studies were performed by HPLC system. Optimized drug-NLCs showed spherical morphology and their average particle size were 170 ± 2.6 nm, PDI of 0.273 ± 0.017. These particles zeta potential and entrapment efficiency were − 23.2 ± 1.2 mV and of 97.1 ± 2.1% respectively. Taken together, the therapeutic effectiveness of CZB was markedly augmented in CZB-NLCs; thereby, NLCs could be appropriate carriers for the delivery of epilepsy medications to the brain with higher drug release potential.

Bioglass nano-ceramic containing cerium (Ce) with various amounts of Ce were synthesized by sol-gel method for enhanacement polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber scaffolds for tissue engineering approaches. The prepared scaffold was analysize using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize the synthesized ceramic powder. The obtained results indicated proepr doping of Ce inside the bioglass microstructure. The sample were successfully encapsulated inside collagen microspheres by water-in-oil emulsion technique, an average particle size and hydrodynamic diameter of microspheres were determined by SEM images and DLS technique, respectively. The samples were submerged in the simulated body fluid (SBF) indicated that all PCL/collagen microspheres/bioglass58S/cerium fiber scaffolds have acceptable bioactivity to form apatite. In this study, the MG63 cell line cultured on PCL fiber scaffold/collagen microspheres/bioglass 58S/cerium which indicated 3% of its potential for hard tissue approaches. The obtained results indicated that after 7 days, the rate of cell proliferation and growth increased compared to the initial days (except for PCL fiber scaffold containing collagen microspheres/bioglass 58S nanoparticles/10% cerium (mass-mass) after 7 days.

The use of lithium disilicate (LD) glass-ceramic in dentistry is increasing due to its proper mechanical properties and aesthetic appearance. On the other hand, due to the forces acting on dental restorations, materials with mechanical properties as well as suitable tooth color are very important. Titanium nanoparticles (Ti-NP) as a material with suitable mechanical properties can be a used for the production of dental ceramics with higher strength by combining with the LD. The aim of this study was to determine the compressive strength of LD ceramics reinforced with Ti-NP in comparison with conventional LD. This experimental study was performed on 60 LD ceramic blockss containing the desired nanoparticles, Ti-NP with an average particle size of 50-70 nm with the content of 1 wt%, 2 wt% and 5 wt% were pressed in a stainless-steel mold under force of 200-250 MPa and then sintered in the electric furnace. The highest compressive strength of the standard sample groups compared to the commercial LD brand Emax (449±42.920 MPa) was for samples with 5 wt% Ti-NP (341.67 MPa (p <0.001). The addition of 2 wt% and 5 wt% Ti-NP increased the compressive strength of LD ceramic compared to the control group but decreased significantly compared to the conventional commercial sample. The addition of 5 wt% Ti-NP increased the compressive strength of LD ceramic compared to the control group.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a natural calcium apatite mineral. Hydroxyapatite has many applications in the field of biomedicine and drug delivery systems. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is becoming increasingly important because of its potential use in new medical treatments. In this study, titania-hydroxyapatite composite nanoparticles were evaluated as a potential drug carrier for ibuprofen.

Titania-hydroxyapatite composite nanoparticles (titania-HAP) with two different titania weight ratios (30 and 70 wt%) were prepared and loaded with ibuprofen (IBU) as a pain reliever drug. The composites were studied as potential carriers of ibuprofen by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyzes, energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Cytotoxicity of nanocomposites was investigated in vitro on osteosarcoma cell line by MTT assay. 

The functional groups were investigated by FTIR. Size and morphology of samples were evaluated by FESEM and TEM. Chemical composition and phase formation were confirmed by EDX and XRD patterns. Based on the results of MTT assay, no significant effect was observed on MG-63 cell lines. TGA was used to determine the amount of ibuprofen loaded on the composites.

Ibuprofen release was studied in neutral and acidic simulated media by ultraviolet–visible (UV-visible) spectroscopy and the results showed better sustained release of the drug in acidic medium. Titania-hydroxyapatite composite nanoparticle can have a good potential for medicinal applications.

In this research attempted to prepare hematite (α-Fe2O3) and silver doped hematite nanoparticles (Ag-doped α-Fe2O3 NPs) by using the aqueous extract of Prosopis farcta fruit. The synthesized NPs were identified through the results of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Energy Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Raman, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) technics. Accordingly, the NPs contained a spherical shape with a size range of 40-50 nm. Also, we surveyed their cytotoxic against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line, which showed a potential functionality at the concentration of 80 μg/mL. Therefore, the synthesized NPs can be proposed as an applicable candidate for medical applications.

In the current study, we investigated the impacts of the mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)- exosome on limbal stem cells (LSCs) proliferation.

Exosomes firstly were isolated from the human MSCs. Then, they characterized by expression of CD9, CD63 and CD81using the western blotting and morphological evaluation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image. The proliferation levels of treated LSCs were investigated following treatment with MSCs-exosome by MTT assay during the 1-4 days of exposure at 50-400 ng/ml concentrations. The expression levels of the beta-catenin, Wnt, p38 MAPK, and ERK were measured in LSCs within 12 and 96 hours of exposure.

MTT assay consequences exhibited that exosomes at concentrations of 50-400 ng/ml could boost the proliferation of the LSCs in vitro. Also, treatment caused the up-regulation of the expression of beta-catenin, Wnt, p38 MAPK, and ERK, partially or efficiently, in the LSCs.

We suggested that the exosome is capable of provoking the proliferation of the LSCs by up-regulating the proliferation involved pathways.

To study the anti-cancer effects of the human immune T lymphocyte cell derived exosomes on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro.

The exosome was isolated from human T cells and then characterized by western blotting respecting the expression of CD9, 63 and 81 and also morphological analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The anti-cancer effect of T cell derived exosome was assessed on MDA-MB-231 cell lines using MTT assay and Annexin V/PI staining and flowcytometry. The Bax, Bcl-2 and MiR-27a expression at mRNA levels also were estimated using real-time PCR.

Exosomes inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cell lines within 12-72 hours of treatment. Also, intervention caused an increment the apoptosis levels of treated cells within 24 and 48 hours of treatment. Moreover, MiR-27a and Bcl-2 expression was decreased while up-regulating Bax expression in MDA-MB-231 cell lines.

In this study, T cell derived exosome elicits a robust anti-cancer effect on MDA-MB-231 cells in part by improving Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and decreasing MiR-27a expression and triggering the apoptosis pathway.

Green Synthesis is a method for synthesizing nanoparticles using protein, carbohydrates, plant extracts, and similar structures, which has made it a simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and repeatable method compared to chemical methods. This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP), synthesized by the extract fruit of Prosopis fracta, on Streptococcus mutans bacteria as the cause of tooth decay. The synthesized nanoparticles were identified through the UV-Vis spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) methods, while their antibacterial effect was evaluated by the usage of microbroth dilution test. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis displayed the presence of a peak in the range of 425-445 nm and indicated the successful synthesis of nanoparticles in the extract. Meanwhile, the average size of our product was determined by the TEM image to be about 30 nm. According to the investigation results, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited satisfying antibacterial effects against the studied bacteria.