Journal of Zoonotic Diseases
Volume:6 Issue: 3, Summer 2022

Birds are the most popular pet animals kept by humans in many areas of the world. Budgerigars, Canaries, Lovebirds, and Cockatiels are the most common pet birds. Zoonotic diseases are one of the most critical concerns related to pet birds worldwide. The people at the most risk of zoonoses are immunocompromised patients, veterinarians, pet bird owners, pet bird shops, and workers in pet exhibitions. Zoonotic diseases are transmitted via the fecal-oral, inhalation, and vector-borne routes. Zoonotic pathogens infect humans through direct or indirect contact with infected birds, contaminated birds’ cages, food dishes, or droppings. Several bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal zoonoses are known in pet birds. Some zoonoses, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza, salmonellosis, and chlamydiosis, have significant public health risks that lead to serious human diseases. Newcastle disease and giardiasis are minor zoonoses that cause self-limiting infections in humans. Salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are food-borne zoonoses with global importance in human health. Biosecurity and hygiene, cleaning and disinfecting bird cages, and using human protective equipment can help to control zoonoses in birds and humans.

In late 2019, covid-19 was initiated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) due to a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2). Covid-19 not only has claimed four million lives and influenced millions of people but also has confined the movement of the population in most of the world. Until now, covid-19 is the leading challenge in terms of economic, health, and humanitarian in the 21 century. Various animal infections of SARS‑CoV‑2 have been reported (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) along with the significant covid-19 cases, deaths, and hospitalizations in humans. Therefore, this increased the concern of pet keepers. Furthermore, further explanation is required for the disease dynamics, mainly regarding the human-animal transmission of the virus and vice versa. Thus, this study ҆s is to collect data from reported cases of covid-19 transmission in animals by reviewing published articles. Despite the numerous SARS‑CoV‑2 transmission instances, further and cautious studies are essential for avoiding the maltreatment incidence in animals. Hence, a better comprehension is obtained of the disease dynamics in the environment, animals, and humans. This article lists corona reports in various animals. More studies on the animal-human interface can be effective in formulating and implementing preventive measures for combating the further covid-19 transmission.

Urinary Schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical snail-borne diseases of humans in Zambia. It's endemic in most communities, where water bodies and poor sanitation are prominent. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and identify risk factors associated with Schistosomiasis propagation among pupils. A total of 321 urine samples and questionnaires were collected. The results showed that 10.6% (34/321) were infected including 3.7% of girls and 6.9% of boys. The results also indicated that 64.7% had 30mg/dL, 17.6% had 100mg/dL and 8.8% had 500mg/dL proteinuria while 18% showed 100mg/dL, 34% showed 300mg/dL and 12% showed 1000mg/dL haematuria. Of the 34 infected, 23.5% (8/34) were herdsmen, 26.6% (9/34) were swimming, and fishing, 17.6% (6/34) were washing plates and clothes, while 17.6% (6/34) were gardening. The boys were more at risk than girls (RR=1.6). Our results showed that not only proximity to the river could be a risk, but also water activities were the principal risks for contraction of Schistosomiasis. Our findings suggest that positive pupils were in contact with infective cercariae through various water activities. Therefore, there is a need to enhance educational campaigns on threats and prevention measures to reduce further infection.

Brucellosis is an anthropozoonotic disease. In addition to abortion and economic losses for livestock farmers, brucellosis is also important in terms of public health. In this study, the epidemiology and prevalence of Brucella infection in sheep and goats in the Sistan region were investigated by PCR method. A total of 150 animals, including 92 sheep and 58 goats, were selected from different regions of Sistan, including five counties. Blood was taken from the animals through the jugular vein. The variables of counties, age, sex, and species of livestock, and for female animals, history of abortion, and pregnancy status were recorded by a questionnaire. After the separation of serum from blood, the sera were stored at -20°C for further experiments. Then all sera were tested by PCR for detection of Brucella genus and then positive samples were tested for detection of Brucella melitensis. Out of 150 samples, infection with Brucella genus bacteria were detected in 17 (11%) samples. Also, all samples were positive for Brucella belonging to the melitensis species. In the present study, the prevalence of brucellosis in animals that had a history of abortion (57%) was significantly higher than that in animals which did not have such a history (8%) (P=0.003). It was also found that the prevalence of brucellosis in animals less than one year of age, in animals aged 1 to 2 years, and in animals over 2 years of age was 0%, 20% and 23%, respectively, which shows that the prevalence of brucellosis increases with age.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative microaerophilic, curved to spiral-shaped, motile bacterium capable of infecting humans and several animal species. The aim of this study was to quantify immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to H. pylori among pet dogs in relation to gastrointestinal disturbances in Urmia (west Azerbaijan, Iran). Blood samples of 87 pet dogs (64 males and 23 females) were collected via their cephalic vein. Antibodies (IgG) against canine H. pylori were detected by a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay assay (ELISA) utilizing a monoclonal anti-Hp-IgG antibody and Hp-IgGHRP conjugate. The results showed that 59 male dogs out of 64 and all 23 female dogs had an IgG levels greater than 100 ng/mL (94.2%). The mean (± SD) was 131 ± 10.69 ng/mL. The rest of the dogs (5 male dogs) showed IgG values below 60 ng/mL (6.8%). The mean (± SD) was 52 ± 8.52 ng/mL. Sifting through the medical backgrounds and data of the dogs showed that 63 out of 82 dogs (76.8%) with high IgG values, had a current or past history of gastrointestinal problems. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the prevalence of seropositive cases within different sexes and age groups (p > 0.05). The current study is the first to address the quantification of IgG titers for H. pylori in dogs in the region, showing its possible strong connection with gastrointestinal disturbances, which could thus be considered a step forward in deciphering rather complex epidemiology of H. pylori.

CCysticercus bovis, the larval stage of the beef tapeworm Taenia saginata, occurs mainly in young calves via ingestion of the worms’ eggs excreted in the feces of infected persons. The most heavily infected muscles include heart, masseters, shoulder, and tongue. In February 2021, during abattoir meat inspection at Mashhad abattoir, Cysticercus bovis cysts ranging from 0.5 to 1 cm were detected in striated muscles of 22 / 33 (66.66%) of Holstein bulls of 1-2 years old originating from one farm that located in Qom province. This is the first report of bovine cysticercosis in slaughtered cattle in Mashhad abattoir. However, this case report shows zoonotic importance of C.bovis infection and meat inspection. Improving personal and environmental hygiene are the most important measures to decrease bovine cysticercosis.