مجله دراسات حدیثه فی نهج البلاغه
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، بهار و تابستان 1400)

The duality of ethics and politics is considered as one of the theories about the relationship between ethics and politics. The approach of Imam Ali's (AS) governmental view is that politics without moral support brings various individual and social harms. This study, by examining the thought of Imam Ali (AS), emphasizing the Shiqshiqiyya Sermon of Nahj-ul-Balagha and using the library method and descriptive-analytical approach, shows that due to the consequences of moral weakness in creating the phenomenon of violence in the politics of rulers, society is headed in a direction where it is wrong to expect ethics-based performance from the people and, consequently, it will seriously question the effectiveness of the approaches and practices of the governing system. The consequences and harms of immoral politics affect the spheres of the individual, society, and government, and a society with religious rule will suffer even more fatal harms. The novelty of this research, according to part Shiqshiqiyya Sermon, is that the four effects of misguided violence, rebellion, diversity and imbalance, will distort society. In contrast, through dialogue, the use of appropriate reforms for the enemies to prevent further convulsions in society, and the protection of the rights of dissidents and the preservation of human dignity, the moral leader seeks to improve his responsible policies in order to promote and strengthen the intellectual, doctrinal, and functional foundations of the individual, society, and government.

One of the key interpretations in Nahj-ul-Balagha is the expression "Balaghani". This interpretation has been used thirteen times in different contexts. The repetition of this interpretation in different structures with its textual coherence along with the unity of the purpose of reprimand, has made the language an expressive style; which can make the rhetoric of Nahj-ul-Balaghah more visible. In this paper, the descriptive-analytical method, the methods of using “balaghani”, are explained and according to the axes of accompaniment, the concepts derived from the totality of the resulting phrase are analyzed. Gives the expression style of “Balghani” in accompaniment with other words such as "Balghani Anna, faqad Balghni, waqad Balghani, Laqad Balghani, wa laen Balghani Anna, etc." based on a specific subject and purpose with a different structure so that slight differences in each The structure is appropriate to the subject and purpose of the language and is related to the axis of its succession. In addition to this style of expression “balaghani” in the two axes of companionship and succession, in general, has messages that can be considered the most important dimension in the structure of Imam's government.

Piety is one of the important issues that the Quran and Tradition emphasizes it. Imam Ali (PBUH), who is the leader of all pious, has in many cases, said in Nahj-ulBalagha about About this issue and its explanation and its connection with other issues. Imam Ali (PBUH) uses Verses of Quran to explan piety, this massive use of verses, reflects the union of Quran and Etra (Sa Ghaleyn). These reflections can be classified in three categories: Adaptation and Confessions and Quotation. In this research we used the descriptiveanalytic method to investigate the relation of Quran and Nahj-ul-Balaghah on the topic of piety. The topic of piety is referred in Quran from various points of view, in a similar matter, In terms of word and meaning, Imam Ali (PBUH) Inspired by the Holy Quran, he has defined it, he expressed characteristics, indicators ,fields,causes ,requirements, consequences and barriers of piely, he (PBUH) also describes properties of pious persons. and describes piety from various perspectives that The source of all that is the word of revelation.

In this study, which is based on a descriptive and analytical method, citizenship rights are a mix of duties and responsibilities of citizens toward one another, the city and the government or the ruling forces, as well as the rights and privileges that are the responsibility of city managers, government or in general the ruling forces. According to the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah, the rights of the ruler or the government and the citizens are mutual. In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran the rights of the nation are mentioned in 23 principles in which citizenship rights are considered by the legislator, and are divided into three categories: Civil and political rights- Economic, social and cultural rights- Judicial rights. The most important examples of these rights are based on the words of Imam Ali PBUH which can be used to determine the right to selfdetermination, political freedom, loyalty to the ruler as examples of civil and political rights and justice, education and attention to education as examples of economic, social and cultural rights. In the field of judicial law, the ruler must take action to enforce the rights of citizens by creating sound courts and take the necessary measures to establish the divine limits. Observance of civil rights can lead to the dignity and power of the Islamic system, the creation of justice in society, and so on and non-observance of the mentioned rights can have harmful effects.

Stylistics is a scientific and practical method in the study and analysis of texts that tries to recognize the thoughts and inner selves of the author by recognizing the coordinates of high-frequency style and discovering their connection with the meanings institutionalized in the text. This research tries to explain the most prominent manifestations of the syntactic layer of sermon 27 and letter 28 of Nahj al-Balaghah in the context of comparative stylistics by descriptive-analytical method mixed with statistical method and tries to retrieve the differences and similarities of the stylistic coordinates of these two different literary genres and, finally, describe the style of each. By comparative study of these two texts in the syntactic layer, considerable similarities, such as the predominance of the frequency of current and short news sentences or their use almost equal to current modalities, bring the styles of the two texts closer together despite the differences in literary genres, and offer similar semantic implications to the audience. Despite these similarities, quantitative and qualitative differences in syntactic structures, such as the dramatic use of strict emphasis restrictions, the high frequency of use of denial questions, syntactic repetitions, and the predicate of sentence sections in the letter, and other differences, it has formed a different and unique texture for each of them and evoked semantic connotations appropriate to each text in an effective and convincing way in the mind of the audience.

Defamiliarization is one of the concepts of the Russian school of formalism, and it includes all the tricks and techniques that the author uses them consciously to present the speeches in an unfamiliar or strange way by abnormality, changing the structure of the text, alienating the normal norms and concepts of language, and making it more difficult. He tries to portray his desired concepts in an unusual language and highlights his words by deviating from the standard language and creating a challenge for the audience to comprehend the meaning of the text and postponing the moment of perception in order to literary pursuit and further contemplation. Nahj alBalaghah is one of the most important and influential masterpieces that has various enchanting and attractive literary structures and can be viewed from different angles at any time. One of the reasons that makes this eternal work so wonderful is that Imam Ali has used defamiliarization by applying literary language and mastering the composition and structure of its sentences; so, the analysis of this precious work from this point of view is very important and can expose the hidden artistic angles of and its prominences to the audience. The present study, with a descriptive analytical method and inspired by the components of structural defamiliarization based on the theories of syntactic thinkers of Basra and Kufa schools, has investigated the phenomenon of defamiliarization of “priority of predicate on subject” in Nahj alBalaghah. The result of research shows that Imam Ali (as), due to structure, by using aesthetic techniques such as, priority of predicate on subject, puts the narrative context of sermons and letters beyond the ordinary texts and depicts the desired concepts in the most beautiful way, and this has increased the impact in the minds of the audience as much as possible. In fact, by ignoring the known syntactic components and changing the structure and layout of the sentences, Imam (AS) has caused defamiliarization and consequently highlighting his words and has increased the ability to induce concepts to the audience. Extensive application of the defamiliarization method of “priority of predicate on subject”, in addition to changing the mood of the speech and removing fatigue from the listener, has reduced the monotony of speech and by emphasizing the speech in the abovementioned manner, the speaker's emotional ups and downs are more embodied, and increase its dynamism and influence.

Sounds have a role in highlighting a person's ability to express their experiences. This is because it has a semantic function capable of carrying and highlighting the meaning. And that by focusing on the sounds and their special features. The aesthetics of these sounds and their ability to convey meaning are related to their general characteristics such as being voiced, voiceless, dark light, fricative, explosive and repetitive. There is no doubt that the sound has a great influence in determining the meaning. This article attempts to study the phonemic significance of the voiced and whispered voices in all the speeches of NahjulBalaghah. From a stylistic statistical perspective, it consists of dividing speeches into certain segments according to their themes, then counting all their voices and applying them with their characteristics. In the end, the percentages of the voiced and whispered voices in all speeches were obtained and analyzed on the basis of the specifics of their voices. The importance of this research lies in the study of the relationship between the sound and its meaning, and the study of the connotation inspired by sounds, as it is a phonological study that combines theory and practice in the modern phoneme lesson. And the acoustic and crosssectional analysis to reveal the acoustic structure is covered by a statistical study. After analyzing the speeches, it was determined that loud voices were more pronounced in military speeches (522177) and whispered voices were more in remorse speeches (88285%).

The meaning of the former terms is changing in the present age. Hence, the field is open for valuable research, especially in the field of semantics. Knowledge whose concepts are brilliant and it covers various cognitive and human fields. Semantics begins with psychology and continues with other sciences. So semantics is the foundation of other sciences. Therefore, the text of Nahj-ul-Balagha cannot be considered as only religious words and terms. Rather, Imam (AS) refers to meanings that have a tremendous effect on the soul and psyche of the reader. Therefore, our aim in this article is to study this issue in a descriptive and analytical way from this perspective. The results of this study led to the fact that the synonymous words, contradictory, polysemy and array of alliteration used in Nahj-ul-Balagha contribute to the meaning which has attracted the audience to add to its religious, literary and cultural richness. As a result, semantic relations are considered as a communication bridge between Imam Ali (AS) and his companions, lovers and audience. As these meanings originate from his belonging for using of verbal industries to preserve the religious identity. At the end of this research, the author reached the important conclusion that religious meanings are at the forefront of other meanings.

One of the necessities of human life is communication, which is divided into four: communication with God, communication with oneself, communication with fellow human beings, and communication with nature. Lack of human awareness of how to establish a good and well-considered relationship in the field of four types of relationships leads to undesirable results. In the words of Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (AS), valuable and useful themes are extracted in how to establish effective fourfold communication and its rules and principles, some of which can be found in Nahj al-Balaghah. In this research, first the four relations and then how to relate to oneself in two cognitive and behavioral (practical) dimensions, according to the wisdoms of Nahj alBalaghah are studied and analyzed, based on the conceptual analysis method. The results show that most of the wisdoms of Nahj al-Balaghah refer to these two dimensions and have a practical application, which are suitable for designing a good communication model. In addition, cognitive communication with oneself (selfknowledge) has the highest frequency and emphasis, which shows its importance.

Social destructive phenomena appear in different forms and have different factors. Among these factors is political chaos and turmoil, which is interpreted as "human seditions". Such seditions cause the deviation of society and endanger its mental health. During the time of the Amir al-Mu'minin, human seditions spread from all sides and he tried to shine light on the invisible angles of all kinds of seditions and remove the mask from their faces. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to study the orders of the Amir al-Mo'menin (AS) and practical strategies to deal with human seditions. This research, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical method, can explain human sedition in "Nahj-ul-Balagha", differentiate between seditions with a historical perspective, and also introduce the centers of human sedition, examples, tools and ways to deal with this problem. Be path-breaking. The results show that Imam Ali (AS) had several human seditions and that Imam in speech and action determined the way out of these seditions. The importance of the subject under study in explaining human sedition is to provide objective examples and strategies to deal with it.

The study and research of Islamic civilization, which is one of the most important historical periods, is possible only by identifying and explaining its pillars. Islamic civilization is based on several pillars, which include the Holy Qur'an, the Prophetic tradition, the Alawite teachings, the sciences and civilizations of other nations, and finally initiative and innovation. This period of historiography has unique features such as: monotheism, rationalism, humanism, tolerance, striving for a balance between materialism and spirituality. One of the important foundations in the formation of the state and the continuation of civilization in the context of Islam is the Alawite teachings. One of the sources of these teachings is Nahj-ul-Balagha, in which various solutions have been stated for the establishment of the Islamic state, which is necessary for Islamic civilization, and the proper management of society based on scholastic and human principles, and the characteristics of Islamic civilization in various individual and social fields have been explained. The present study seeks to explore the characteristics of Islamic civilization from the perspective of Nahj-ul-Balagha in a descriptiveanalytical manner. The findings of this article indicate that the sermons, letters, political and moral orders of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj-ul-Balagha have characteristics such as monotheism, social and economic justice, meritocracy and pious management, social and political participation of the people is vital to establish Islamic civilization

Nostalgia is the feeling of sadness or joy when remembering the past, a feeling that is closely related to political, social and moral turmoil. The concept of coercion is also intertwined with human thought, feeling and behavior and has emerged in many areas of thought and work. In Nahj al-Balaghah, too, aghtrab has a significant presence and has various semantic dimensions. A review of Nahj-ul-Balaghah reflects the feeling of homelessness of Imam (as) due to the events of the society around him. The present study tries to investigate nostalgia in Nahj-ul-Balaghah in a descriptive-analytical method and then its relationship with obsession and answer the question: what is the relationship between nostalgia and different types of obsession? And how is the phenomenon of abduction reflected in Nahj-ul-Balaghah? Excitement seems to be a phenomenon that causes nostalgia. Nostalgia is the demand for connection and longing is the demand for separation, and personal motivations, political and social situations are effective in creating this feeling. Findings of the study indicate that the sense of alienation is high in the works of Imam and social nostalgia, political and religious nostalgia is more than other aspects. Feelings of loneliness in society and hatred of rulers are the most important causes of this feeling. The influence of Imam (AS) on environmental conditions and special personality traits in the occurrence of nostalgic elements in Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the most important results obtained from the present study.