نشریه پژوهش های اقتصاد صنعتی
پیاپی 19 (بهار 1401)

Banks are the most important institutions of the financial market of a country and any deviation in the role of banks in financing production activities will have harmful effects on economic growth. In line with the performance of the Iranian banking system, the main goal of this article is to analyze the welfare performance (decrease in consumer welfare surplus) of lending services in Iran's banking industry with an emphasis on market power and efficiency. To do this, data envelopment analysis (DEA) and two-stage least squares (2SLS) were used for a panel including 15 private and public banks during the period 2006-2017. The results of the research show the positive and significant effect of efficiency, market power and the amount of investment and the negative and significant effect of the development of the banking sector on the welfare performance of banks. In addition, the results show the lack of significant effect of liquidity risk on the welfare performance of the country's banks; Therefore, it is suggested that governments and bank supervisors monitor banks' capital ratios, because banks may compensate for low capital by losing more consumer welfare.

Experiential knowledge (export experience) about foreign operations and markets is a conductive force in the internationalization of companies. Therefore, the present research, emphasizing the role of export experience for start-up companies, examines the possibility of entering and exiting the export market and the growth of export volume. For this purpose, the export data of Iranian companies active between 2013 and 2017in the field of export food products were used. The Least Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV) method was used to analyze these data. The research results show that being a start-up company causes an 11% increase in the probability of entering a new market, an 87% increase in export volume, and a 35% increase in the probability of exit. Therefore, according to the findings and the importance of the role of experience for new exporters, starting the activity in countries with a similar structure with a lower entry cost is recommended

In this study, leaming intensity is measured in terms of labor cost savings and productivity growth through experience, as well as the effects of mergers  and acquisitions on technology learning using a learning curve and its effects on the performance of oil, gas and products companies. Oil listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange will be evaluated.The novelty of this article is to explain the direct and indirect effects of M&A (mergers  and acquisitions) in technology learning that leads to the learning curve model with the M&A factor in the oil, gas and petroleum products It can be seen that traditional learning through experience has not reduced costs by increasing cumulative production in refineries and petrochemical companies. Economies of scale have also failed to reduce operating costs by increasing production at refineries. Learning by research in refining and petrochemical companies has also reduced operating costs by a year, but is less severe. This study also shows that there is no direct effect of mergers and acquisitions on technology learning in the combination of refining and petrochemical companies. In addition, the indirect effects of mergers and acquisitions on technology learning are seen only in petrochemical companies.

Capital goods are the main elements for the creation and diffusion of technology, increasing productivity, and improving technology in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, but since the production of these goods is cost intensive or unavailable in most developing economies, global knowledge spillover is an appropriate alternative for domestic R&D. Therefore, the import of capital goods from developed countries and these technological spillovers will lead to cost reduction and increase the export competiveness of domestic firms. Accordingly, this article examines the impact of the import of capital goods along with the other effective factors on Iranian manufacturing exports at the 2-digit level of ISIC code (Rev4) by using the dynamic panel data model and the Difference and System GMM (generalized method-of-moments) from 2012 to 2019. The results indicate that the capital goods import has a positive and significant impact on the aggregate manufacturing export with a probability of 0.009% as a 1 percent increase in imports of capital goods leads to a 0.05 percent increase in Iran's industrial exports.

Iran's electricity consumption and the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth. For this purpose, by using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index approach and the non–oil real GDP, electricity consumption, energy consumption, and value-added of services, industry, and agriculture sectors, during 2001-2019, the electricity consumption was analyzed and the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth was investigated based on decoupling analysis. Based on the results of the electricity consumption analysis, during the entire study period, only the structure effect caused a decrease in electricity consumption. According to the periodic analysis results, before the implementation of the targeted subsidies law (2001-2010), the electricity consumption because of the intensity and structure effects was reduced, and due to the production, activity, and population effects increased; and after the implementation of this law (2011-2019), only the structure effect has led to reducing the electricity consumption, and it was increased due to four effects including activity, population, intensity, and production. Based on the decoupling approach results, in the whole period, the situation of growing negative decoupling, meaning the realization of economic growth at the cost of more increasing electricity consumption and environmental pollution, was dominant. Therefore, only actualizing the energy price is not effective in managing energy consumption, hence other energy efficiencies, economic, and environmental complementary policies must be implemented simultaneously.

According to the effect of the macroeconomic variables uncertainty range on electricity and gas consumption and its importance in economic growth and development, this article examines the uncertainty of macroeconomic variables (inflation, exchange rate, economic growth, and oil prices) on electricity and gas consumption in the period of 1981-2020.To this end, the volatility and uncertainty of inflation, exchange rate, oil price, and economic growth were initially estimated using the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and Generalized ARCH (GARCH) models, and then the model was estimated using the nonlinear Markov-Switching approach. The estimates of Markov-Switching model revealed that, by considering two optimal lags, the inflation uncertainty, exchange rate, economic growth, and oil price had a significant positive impact on electricity and gas consumption, and the intensity of effective of uncertainty of  macroeconomic variables differed in both regimes, and it was higher in regime I than regime II. Overall, reducing the electricity and gas consumption intensity through macroeconomic variables uncertainty (inflation, exchange rate, economic growth, and oil price) seems more possible in the long run; because the long-term effect of such variables on electricity and gas consumption generally arises from the uncertainty of macroeconomic variables.