نشریه گردشگری فرهنگ
پیاپی 10 (پاییز 1401)

The present study aims to evaluate and analyze climatic conditions in tourism processes, emphasizing factual data and the thermal comfort of tourists. For this purpose, Chabahar port was selected due to its profound importance in international communication, economy, tourism, and exceptional climatic conditions, making it particularly interesting to domestic and international tourists. This study seeks to provide a suitable tourism period calendar to improve the quality and development of tourism considering the climatic conditions of the southeastern coasts of the country. To this end, the Comfort or Tourism Climate Indicators of Tourism Climate Index and Physiological Equivalent Temperature were examined to provide a deeper understanding of the conditions by combining the results of the indicators (from 1990 to 2018). The results showed that in most months of the year in Chabahar port, the climatic and thermal conditions are outside the comfort zone, and heat stress creates restrictions for tourism activities. According to the output of investigating both indicators, the best time for tourism activities is mid-autumn and late winter, and in the three months of December, November, and March.

Nowadays, adventure tourism is the fastest-growing tourism sector in the world and it is considered one of the most important tools for sustainable development in the host country. The Marnjab Desert in Iran, as an outstanding region, has the potential to be a stimulus model for sustainable development. Numerous factors affect the realization of this important issue.This article employs a futurology approach to investigate what factors lead to the development of adventure tourism. In doing so, it attempts to optimize adventure tourism in the process of sustainable development of the destination. This study attempts to increase the economic growth index and social welfare of the indigenous community while reducing environmental risks. In this research, the concepts and patterns were developed using two strategies: identifying propelling factors with the MICMAC software and writing scenarios using Scenario Wizard software. Twelve propelling factors were explained through compatible and strong scenarios for each variable in three different situations (continuity, deterioration, and growth). A strong scenario and three scenarios with high compatibility are more likely to occur. It is a significant continuation of the current trend in the medium term of the future. Results show that privatization in the field of tourism has the highest compatibility value among other possible situations.

From ancient times until now, roofs have been an important space in Iranian cities, with many functional and meaningful roles. However, nowadays, in most Iranian cities, these significant capacities have been completely neglected. On the other hand, Iranian cities have always been attractive destinations for tourists due to their unique spatial, social, identity, and cultural characteristics. But with the arrival of modernism and its belongings in Iranian cities and fundamental changes in their texture, these cities have lost many of their attractions to tourists. According to the authors of this article, roofs give quality to urban spaces. Therefore, by examining the roof space of buildings in a special way, this article aims to answer this question: How roof spaces can develop and strengthen tourism in Iranian cities? In this regard, the background of this field and library sources were examined. For this purpose, documents, including travelogues, cinema, and images of urban spaces were scrutinized. The results indicate that due to the increase in the number of high-rise buildings, especially in big cities like Tehran, paying attention to the capacity of the roof space of these buildings gives visitors better views of the city. Due to their spatial integrity and location at a height, they also allow their users to have all kinds of events and create social interactions in direct connection with the nature of the city. This, in turn, creates a lasting image of the destination city in the minds of tourists,                    tied to natural elements, various activities, and social interactions. Therefore, in general, the main roles of roofs for the development of tourism in Iranian cities can be expressed in the four factors of developing social interactions, strengthening the connection of tourists with the nature of the destination city, creating a suitable mental image of the city, and increasing the quality of the experience of the urban space.

The pattern of population growth in the world shows a growing trend towards old age, and this itself has become the origin of creating a global approach in the 21st century. With the increase in the rate of aging in the world population and the increase in the number of elderly people, one of the industries for which this part of the market seems attractive in the last few decades is the tourism industry. Medical tourism is one of the proper activities for the elderly to bring back and improve their physical and mental aspects. Due to the fact that understanding the destination selection process of elderly medical tourists is very important for governments, tourism organizations and tour operators in the field of global competition, in this research, first by reviewing the literature in the field of medical tourism for the elderly, the necessary dimensions and indicators present in the medical tourism destinations required by this group of health tourists have been identified, and in the next step, using the analytical methodology of "interpretive structural modeling", the relationships between dimensions and factors affecting the choice of health tourism destination from the perspective of elderly medical tourists have been determined and analyzed in an integrated manner. The results of this study indicate that the factors of medical centers having specialized and trained human resources in various medical-psychiatric aspects related to elderly medical tourists, humanitarian view and proper treatment of doctors and medical staff, the existence of comfort and recreational facilities around the medical centers to increase the comfort and security of tourists, the ability of hospitals and medical centers to provide services, suitable accommodation facilities for elderly medical tourists, and reducing the visit and examination time of elderly medical tourists are among the most important and prominent indicators necessary to attract elderly medical tourists to a health tourism destination.

Carnivals are public-critical events that mock the seriousness of official culture and ruling norms and display equality and freedom together. In the carnival, freedom and temporary release from the grip of the ruling order are formed along with authentic connections between different classes of society, regardless of hierarchies and permanent prohibitions. By ridiculing baseless and superstitious thoughts and beliefs, carnival shakes minds and raises the level of society’s awareness. Laughter in the carnival destroys the fear of power and taboos that have formed in the individual and society over the years and brings the suppressed and silenced voices to the ears. Such an event is both a tourist attraction that brings economic benefits to the host community and a show whose actors are citizens and whose performance is their presence. A presence that shows individual and collective maturity. This critical writing reviews the concept and components of a carnival and the clear message of each line is why we don’t have a carnival. In fact, this is a negative question or a rhetorical question that the author is not looking for an answer to, but his goal is to draw the audience’s attention and make him think. Understanding the concept of carnival is intertwined with understanding the concept of pluralism, and naturally, societies that have lived under the rule of despotic sultans for many years should pay more attention to this openness.

Tourism as an industry serving as an axis of development has always brought many speculations. Opposing this approach undermines the culture and cultural identity of society. For this reason, various perspectives have focused on the nature of travel and tourism. However, cultural identity requires more in-depth analyses. The path taken so far cannot serve as a touchstone for verifying relevant activities. Thus, a profound review of the nature of tourism, cultural identity, and the objectives of both and their visions, engenders the perspective that tourism and culture are inherent human phenomena that both search for the human’s identity nature. Tourism and culture have roots in human’s spiritual values that warrant rethinking so that they meet their proper stations. Therefore, in respect of various aspects of the relationship between tourism and cultural identity, some consistency can be established between the two by providing a context and creating a different perspective on cultural identity and tourism.

The expansion of cities and the change in the urbanization system have led to the increased activity duration in cities and the continuation of part of daytime activities during the night. In this sense, the night is an opportunity to redefine the urban landscape in a period, and this definition is different from urban society and urban tourism. The term “night tourism” refers to any kind of tourism that occurs between sunset and sunrise. Therefore, this type of tourism is raised by the time when tourism activities are carried out and their spatial limits, not by the nature of these activities and their motivations.Despite the development of the “Master Nightscape Plan” in official documents and academic literature, the term “night tourism”  has not yet been correctly defined, and the night tourism classification has not been analyzed in terms of the type of audience, the selection of a suitable place, and the type of activity carried out during the night. In many cities of the world, night tourism has become the main element of tourism competitiveness in the city and makes an essential economic contribution to the urban economy. The existing studies in the master nightscape plan focus on decorative actions and specific spaces. However, there is no approach to the different timings making the night, and no realistic interpretation of night tourism and its impacts.