نشریه مطالعات رسانه های نوین
سال هشتم شماره 31 (پاییز 1401)

Although, the reasoned and open debate that results in the formation of public opinion is a defining feature of Habermas' notion of the public sphere. However, because of the clustering of people and their exposure to similar concepts and ideas, there will be less conversation and conflict of votes on Persian Twitter, and if there is, it will be illogical and reasoned. This study aims to discover and explore the distinctive traits and features of users who are scattered among the network's major poles and enable communication. We determined brokers' exact activities and utterances by optimizing centrality indicators and categorizing their tweets using a social media critical discourse analysis approach. Finally, after summarising and concluding, we demonstrated how the brokers' words and deeds parallel Habermas' theory of communicative action. We deduced that if the user applies the criteria suggested in the theory of communicative action, they will most likely function as a mediator or facilitator of communication in a distinct and unrelated cluster rather than in the midst of the communication stream, which is connected to other clusters.

In its fifties, the application of agenda-setting theory has become much more widespread than in the past, and today it can be divided into two main branches: traditional and modern. Based on agenda-setting theory political parties can focus their attention on the issues they are interested in using media and political marketing tools. For a long time, the theory's main assumptions were centered around newspapers and radio and television channels as the mass media. With the development of communication technologies and the advent of social networks, the decisive role of traditional media in elections has been challenged. Today, political parties seek to use and be more active in social networks to highlight their positions and programs. Concerning this, the present study, exploring the media behaviors of the British parties in the 2015 and 2017 general elections, sought to answer the question of how the British parties' tendencies to media were in the two mentioned-above elections. The research findings, based on the findings of the most important statistical organizations in Britain and the world, show that the 2015 and 2017 British general elections were, respectively, the turning point and the culmination of the tendency of British parties to social networks as a tool of agenda-setting in modern times. Accordingly, social media seems to be ending decades of domination by newspapers and television channels to emerge as the determining media in election campaigns.

In recent years, changes have occurred in the TV-watching paradigm. One of the most important changes is the second screen that accompanies the watching. the second screening is the new experience of watching television, allowing the viewer to interact in a different way with a television program. the present study has been done by deep and semi-structured interviews with 21 managers of five private TV networks in Afghanistan and 20-second screen users and TV audiences to identify the factors affecting the promotion and development of the second screen to increase the interaction of TV audiences in Afghanistan. The factors affecting the promotion and development of the second screen in Afghanistan are classified into six categories: the features of the second screen, the factors that predispose the second screen, the second screen deterrent, the second screen development strategies, and the consequences of second screen development. And also factors of developer (individual, organizational, environmental) and restrictive factors (individual, organizational, environmental) are separated in this study. And on the other hand, expanding of second screening empowers audiences to shape public narratives alongside news organizations and political elites.

One of the most fundamental issues facing today's societies is the social identity that has undergone major changes with the advent of virtual networks. The virtual world is relatively separated from the real world with features such as inability, transcendence, multiplicity, accessibility, synchronization, and so on. Fundamental to the formation of social identities is human interaction. In fact, when one interacts with another, one finds his/her identity as a member of society. Identity is defined in the context of social interaction. In Iranian society, identities have become fluid and changeable. Traditional identities are gradually being questioned and new identities emerging that do not have previous integration and stability. Mass media is one of the most important sources of identity change in today's society, including in the area of women's lives. The research method was quantitative and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is women in Tehran. The results show that all aspects of Tehranian women's social identity (family, national, ethnic, and religious) are weakened.

Using social networks has become a social problem in our country. The present study titled "Sociological Explanation of the use of Social Networking among students of the Farhangian University of Ilam aimed to investigate this problem amongst college students. The method of this study was a survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The instrument validity was determined using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The statistical society included all 600 students from the Farhangian University of Ilam and the sample size was determined 234 people and examined by the Morgan table. Findings show that there is a meaningful relationship between Self-Disclosure (/65), Spending Leisure Time (/57), Democratic Structure of Networks (/55), Learning and Exchange Experiences (/56), Attachment and Maintenance of Relationships (/56), Feeling of Social Isolation (/54), The Role of Reference Groups (/50), Need for Information (/42), Promoting Innovation (/47), and Media Persuasion (/42). Regression analysis shows that 57% of the total variance of the use of social networks among students of Farhangian University of Ilam (R2=%57), with self-closure, spending leisure time, learning and exchange of experiences, familiarity with the concept of social networks, the role of the reference groups, democratic structure of social networks and place of residence is predictable.

Communication technologies have become an integral part of life today. Among these, mobile phones have had a significant impact on the personal and social lives of young people, especially university students. The purpose of this study is to describe the meaning of mobile from the perspective of users' experiences based on an interpretive research method. Participants in this study were 15 female students of the University of Isfahan who were selected for an interview through purposive sampling. Based on the analysis of the interviews, two main categories (reciprocal subjectivity and mobile paradox) and five sub-categories (mobile identification, the birth of virtual-self, non-mobile phobia, creating opportunities, and constraining opportunities) were identified in students' experiences of mobile. Findings showed that the understandings of female students of mobile are more than just a means of communication. By establishing two-way communication with mobile, users use its facilities to redefine their identity in cyberspace and sometimes prefer virtual identity over their real self. The attractiveness of mobile and its overuse, in addition to creating dependence on mobile, has made this device a substitute for face-to-face communication. Meanwhile, users tried to justify their dependence by giving a personality to the mobile phone and having a human-like definition of it in their minds. Finally, from the perspective of students' experiences, mobile, in addition to creating various opportunities and capacities, also has many negative implications. These contradictions have caused a dual and paradoxical image of mobile in the minds of users.

Transgressions (socially non-normative behaviors) and misconducts find a brand-new way of manifestation through online social media. Hence, social control of such behaviors is crucial to assure users’ tranquility and safety and to restrain the contagion of these transgressions into real society. The current study aimed at exploring Iranian Instagram users’ perceived transgressions, and perceived effective social control means. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on the data from online interviews by a questionnaire, with closed- and open-ended questions, filled out by 58 participants. The results showed Obscenity, Transgressive Information, Emotional Release, Market-Related Content, Risky Behaviors, and Criminal Behaviors as perceived transgressions. Five perceived personal means (Personality Traits; Social Status; Personal Attitudes; Media Use Habits; Ignoring/ Inaction), and also six perceived social means of social control of cybercultural transgressions (Family Structure; Social Groups; Technological Tools; Legal Factors; Awareness Raising; and Societal Attitudes) were identified. It can be inferred from the results that filtering and domestic social media are not effective social control means. The results can be used to devise formal and informal social control policies and initiatives to decrease social media transgressions.

One of the most important consequences of Iranians' bio-virtualization is the possible changes in the political norms and attitudes of the society or the political culture. Political culture in Iran as a cultural space that shows how people relate to the political system as much as it is influenced by various phenomena such as revolution, the structure of the political system, government agents, etc., it is likely that the emergence and expansion of social networks be affected. The scope of this research includes professors, experts in political science and communication sciences (political communication), and political sociology who have been selected by the method of snowball. Three methods of a systematic review of the texts and literature, exploratory interview, and researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect research information and data. Delphi panel is implemented in three rounds. Among the 28 components proposed by the experts in the first round, 7 components approved in the second round are in order of importance and priority: lack of trust, criticism/destruction of the political system, political extremism, autonomy, xenophobia / alien paradox Orientation, non-participatory / protest orientation; and biased behaviors. Finally, in the third round, the most accurate and important indicators were selected for each of these components. The most important achievement of this study is the introduction of two components of Iranian political culture that basically belong to the age of modern media: criticism/destruction of the political system and non-participatory / protest orientation.

The digital environment creates new opportunities for citizens' political participation. This oversight actually includes a general review of the management of public funds and the activities of public and economic systems, so political oversight processes, through democracy, in the digital environment, condemn inefficient features. The purpose of this article is to describe, differentiate and classify the various forms of governance that can be considered in the current valley of democracies. The results show that there are three main areas of oversight: government oversight, joint oversight and civil oversight. This study has identified four types of civil surveillance typologies (guardian performance, extraction and refinement of confidential information, expansion of issues through alternative journalism, and expansion of representation beyond parliaments), focusing on these issues. This study seeks to answer the question of who exactly are the supervisors in the context of regulatory democracy in the digital environment? Furthermore, how can these processes be identified and differentiated in the international political arena? Findings of the research using descriptive-analytical method and collection of library documents show that by avoiding in-depth analysis of issues involved in meticulous processes, the three main parts that are organized to monitor can be Distinguished based on the actor or leading organization involved.

Social media as an effective tool in small and medium businesses will create a wide range of valuable opportunities and significantly reduce costs. Today, the strategy of companies to interact with customers and build relationships and cooperation with other market elements has changed with the advent of social media. Is. Over the past two decades, business-related social media research has grown exponentially, but so far no comprehensive study has been conducted on the social values ​​of social media in small and medium-sized businesses and their prioritization. Therefore, the present study, by systematically reviewing the studies in the period from 2012 to 2019, 57 articles were selected and reviewed using the meta-combined method of selected articles and the commercial values ​​mentioned in them were coded. The identified values ​​were then prioritized using Shannon entropy method so that the five main categories of business value including operational value, financial value, strategic value, customer value and finally knowledge / information value were ranked first to fifth, respectively. The present study is innovative both in terms of findings and methodology in the field of using social media in small and medium enterprises.

The desirable and harmful effects of cyberspace on different aspects of life especially education and schooling have always been a subject of debate. Thus, the main purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of lifestyle influenced by cyberspace on academic engagement of students. The statistical population consisted of high school students (junior and senior) of the city of Dehloran (Ilam Province, Iran) in the academic year 2018-19., 360 of whom were selected as the sample through cluster random sampling. The necessary data were collected by two standard questionnaires, i.e., Reev’s (2013) student engagement questionnaire and Taheri’s (2014) questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the reliability of both questionnaires (α = 0.88). The correlation coefficients showed that there is a significant negative relationship between lifestyle influenced by cyberspace and academic engagement (r=-0.39, p≤0.001). Analysis of structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS also indicated that the lifestyle influenced by cyberspace variable and its six dimensions (knowledge acquisition, communication, identity, services, enjoyment seeking, and outcome) were able to predict 51% (R2=0.51) of the variance in the academic engagement variable (β= -0.53 and p≤0.00). The results showed that lifestyle influenced by cyberspace had a negative effect on academic performance of students. Therefore, it was concluded that such lifestyle needs to be modified with a view to attain maximum benefits and minimum costs.

The purpose of this study was to explain the political participation of Students at Ardebil University with regard to the role of online social networks. This research was applied in a targeted and survey approach. The research population was 29500 students of Ardebil Islamic Azad University and Ardebil Mohaghegh University. To determine the sample size, 750 people were selected as the sample using Cochran formula. Non-inferential sampling method was available and a questionnaire was used to fulfill the research goals. SEM analysis and SPSS and AMOS18 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the components of Civic Voluntarism Model with online and offline political participation of students at Ardabil University. In the meantime, the Psychological engagement with a 0.309 multiplier effect has the most impact on online political participation and the Recruitment with a 0.302 multiplier effect has the most impact on the offline political participation of students at the universities of Ardabil. Also The association between online and offline political participation was also confirmed with a coefficient of 0.293.