نشریه پژوهش های راهبردی بودجه و مالیه
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، تابستان 1401)

Preparing and editing the budget document is one of the most vital annual actions of governments. This document has a strategic role in making the government accountable for its duties, economic growth of the country, realization of social justice, planning at the macro level of the country and providing public services. In this qualitative research, the evaluation criteria of the budget document is considered and the question is raised, what are the evaluation criteria of the country's budget document? The participants of the current research were 18 managers, employees of the country's program and budget organization and university professors who were selected by snowball sampling and were subjected to in-depth and semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation. After conducting each interview, its text was analyzed by theme analysis technique. In the end, the evaluation criteria of the country's budget document were identified in the form of 6 main themes of efficiency and effectiveness, alignment with laws and upstream documents, comprehensiveness, type of budgeting approach, prioritization of important issues of the country, and transparency along with 26 sub-themes and 77 codes.

The purpose of this research is credit rating of companies. For this purpose, in the first step, by studying the research literature and methodology of the top credit rating institutions, 10 variables that had the greatest impact on determining the credit quality of companies and are relevant in Iran's environment were used as the basis for credit rating. These variables are in two parts, quantitative and qualitative, all of which are quantified based on accounting information. Based on these variables, the information of 146 companies and 730 years of companies admitted to the stock exchange for the period of 2015 to 2019 were extracted for the credit rating of the companies from the data coverage super analysis model proposed by Hadi Vinche (2012). After that, the companies were placed in 9 categories using the K-means clustering method (Standard & Poor's 2021). To validate the model, the accuracy of the model was determined using the risk of default based on the leverage ratio of the total credit facility to the market value of the owners' rights. The result of the research included determining the credit rating of the investigated companies according to the selected indicators, each of which was assigned a rating from AAA to D. These ratings indicate the relative financial ability of companies to pay their debts on time. The closer the company's rating is to D, the lower the financial ability is, and the closer it is to AAA, the higher it is. The results show the selection of the influencing indicators in the credit rating and the correct determination of the credit rating.

The use of optimal budgeting methods has always been of interest due to its impact on various aspects of the administration of human societies. In Iran, since many years ago, with the aim of linking the budget expenditures with the performance of the organization, the budget system has been reformed, and as a result, operational budgeting by the country's planning and budget institution has replaced the previous methods. However, the performance-based budgeting system has always faced challenges, and the purpose of this research is to identify the obstacles to the implementation of performance-based budgeting in the higher education institutions and non-profit universities of Mashhad. The mentioned barriers have been examined in four main groups: human, structural, technological and environmental, and results have been stated for each group. This research was conducted in 2019 and the data collection tool was done through 2 questionnaires with a practical purpose and a descriptive nature of survey, whose validity is based on the opinion of professors' experts and the appropriate reliability direction of questionnaire 2, based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 90% (0.90) ) has been evaluated and to achieve the desired reliability of Questionnaire 1, the data has been analyzed in two sections of inferential statistics and descriptive statistics with the TOPSIS method. The results of this research have shown that among the four main groups, the factor related to the human relations index is the most important obstacle in the implementation of operational budgeting in the studied universities.

The impact of international financial markets on development as well as their impact on economic growth in developed economies has caused emerging financial markets to become one of the topics of concern for researchers and economists, especially during the recent economic crises in most countries. The capital market as an economic institution plays the main role in increasing the efficiency and optimal allocation of capital, as well as providing the possibility of financing new projects and development plans and other operations in companies and the government; Therefore, studying the relationship between the capital market and economic growth is of particular importance. Therefore, the present study examines the existence of an inverted U relationship between the capital market and economic growth, as well as the effect of the stock market on Iran's economic growth during the period of 1975-2018 using autoregression with distributional lag (ARDL).The results obtained from the above model show that in the short and long term, the inverted U relationship between the financial sector and economic growth has the correct sign and is significant, but it does not have a necessary and sufficient condition; It was also found that the capital market had a positive and significant effect on Iran's economic growth in the short and long term. In addition, capital stock, education and government spending have had a positive and significant effect on Iran's economic growth.

One of the ways to finance government and companies is to use partnership bonds. One of the main challenges and reasons for the failure of issuing various types of securities, including partnership bonds, in different periods is the inappropriate marketing of these bonds. Therefore, in this research, identifying and prioritizing the effective factors on the marketing of partnership bonds with a mixed marketing approach is done. The method of conducting the research is the Delphi method, and the data collection tool is the interview and questionnaire. The statistical population of this research includes financial and marketing experts, and the research sampling method is a judgmental method.At the beginning of the research, by using library studies and holding brainstorming sessions (brainstorming) and interviewing experts, 9 effective factors were identified under the three criteria of causal conditions, intervening conditions and background conditions and were classified in the form of a questionnaire, and then by distributing the questionnaire in two The stage was prepared by the Delphi method from 14 financial and marketing experts to confirm and the importance of each of the effective factors of bond marketing, and at the end, these effective factors were prioritized using the Fuzzy Vicor method. According to the final findings of the research, the importance of factors affecting the marketing of partnership bonds with a mixed marketing approach, respectively, according to the criteria of causal conditions: price, product, place (distribution) and promotion (promotion), according to the criteria of intervening conditions: physical evidence (transparency and supervision), process (policy) and manpower and according to background conditions (platform): characteristics and mental concepts.

Applying tax minimization policies can increase uncertainty about future tax payments due to uncertainty in the tax situation and thus increase the company's risk. However, if a company maintains a consistently low effective tax rate, it is unlikely that this corporate tax policy will increase the company's risk; But if tax minimization leads to instability in the tax situation, it will increase the company's risk. Low tax rates can also increase uncertainty about future cash flows. In this study, the relationship between tax avoidance and corporate risk (future fluctuations in tax rates and future fluctuations in stock returns) is investigated. The research is applied in terms of purpose and using a post-event approach and is correlational based on the method. Two hypotheses have been developed based on theoretical foundations in the direction of research objectives and by selecting 148 companies in the years 2014 to 2020 (1036 firm-year) these hypotheses have been tested. The results of testing the hypotheses show that there is a direct relationship between tax avoidance and tax rate fluctuations and the relationship between tax avoidance and future fluctuations in stock returns is not significant. Based on these results, it can be argued that tax avoidance carries tax risk, but due to the lack of specialization of the Iranian capital market, it cannot be considered effective in stock returns fluctuations.