فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 74 (پاییز 1401)

In this research, the historical trend and effectiveness of rainfall anomalies during severe and extremely severe droughts in southern Iran have been investigated. For this purpose, the daily and annual rainfall data of the synoptic stations of the study area were extracted from the data of the Meteorological Organization. The statistical base has been chosen to adapt to the solar cycles of a 33-year period corresponding to the years 1986-2019. Based on this, 34 synoptic stations of the region were consistent with this statistical period. First, the state of droughts was investigated based on Standard Rainfall Index (SPI), Chinese Z (CZI), and ZSI (ZSI) score. RAI index has been used to check precipitation anomaly. The selection criteria of 7 years were chosen as examples of extreme and extreme droughts. The historical trend of the occurrence of droughts showed that, firstly, in the last three cycles, in 26 years out of 33 years of the statistical period, the southern region of Iran has more or less faced the phenomenon of drought. The number of droughts in the last two cycles has increased greatly. So that in cycle 23 out of 11 years, 9 years and in cycle 24 out of 11 years, 10 years, many parts of the region were affected by drought. In both cycles in 4 years in more than half of the stations severe and super severe drought occurred. In terms of rainfall-related phenomena, severe anomalies have also occurred in the southern region during droughts, the average daily rainfall is greatly decreasing compared to the long-term average rainfall of the region. In other words, the distribution of rainfall per unit of time has decreased. So that the average daily rainfall in the rainy season has decreased from two millimeters to less than one millimeter.

Extended AbstractIntroductionOld fabric is a fabric that has developed over a long period and is still surrounded by new-age technology. Although these fabrics had proper functionality in the past, these days they are functionally insufficient and cannot meet the requirements of their residents. Urban regeneration is one of the important policies of governments in dealing with old urban fabrics in developing and developed countries. Since urban regeneration is often implemented through frameworks that sometimes neglect the more vulnerable elements that are considered during the process of development, historically, this method has had destructive effects on the social and ecological well-being of people and the environment. Despite the policy's good intentions to ensure displacement issues, changes in such programs often justify the improvement of old urban fabrics for Economic profit by increasing housing stock or stimulating investment. Most of the displacements of people are due to social injustice and changes in such projects. To create fair spaces, the injustices in such projects must be addressed. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate and identify the effective factors of sustainable urban regeneration emphasizing spatial justice and providing appropriate strategies in this field in the Nemat-Abad neighborhood. MethodologyThe method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and in terms of purpose, it is placed in the category of applied research. The required data is collected through library studies as well as field studies such as observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The statistical population of the study in this research is the residents of the Nemat-Abad neighborhood located in the 19th district of the Municipality of Tehran. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined 384 people, and to be sure 400 questionnaires were completed in this field. To identify the effective factors for urban regeneration emphasizing spatial justice in the Nemat-Abad neighborhood, the factor analysis method was employed. Consequently, the SWOT analytical matrix was used to analyze the information and provide strategies to achieve spatial justice in the regeneration of old urban fabrics in the Nemat-Abad neighborhood. At this stage, the statistical population is the officials and the experts of executive bodies related to the issue and academic experts who are familiar enough with the Nemat-Abad neighborhood. Since the number of experts, managers, and specialists in the field of regeneration of old urban fabrics is limited, we tried to prepare a questionnaire for all of them. Therefore, through the purposeful sampling method, 20 people were selected as the sample population. Results and discussionThe findings of the factor analysis method indicate that the old urban fabric and inefficient fabric in the Nemat-Abad neighborhood have a strong potential for the realization of spatial justice despite all the deficiencies and inadequacies in the current situation. This study revealed that the realization of spatial justice as a local classification has its special requirements, which include improving access to urban services (5.156), increasing biological support (3.802), providing grounds for achieving economic self-sufficiency (3.288), improving the trust and transparency status (3.07), improving the quality of housing (0.966), reinforcing the sense of belonging (1.851). These requirements respectively reduce their contribution to promoting spatial justice in urban regeneration. These six factors justify a total of 70.71% of the variance. Consequently, the results obtained from the SWOT method showed that in the group of strength points, the high active population (0.19 of final weight), and the existence of job facilities (0.18) are the most important strength points, respectively. These cases indicate that the number of economic activists in the Nemat-Abad neighborhood is high, and on the other hand, it indicates the low burden of undertaking in the neighborhood. Among the weak points, the options "Lack of motivation to invest in the fabric due to physical wear and tear" with a score of 0.2 and "Households' placement in low economic deciles" with a score of 0.2 have the highest weight. It can be concluded that in the approach of urban regeneration based on spatial justice in the neighborhood, due to physical wear and uncertainty of return on investment, investors do not have the motivation to invest in this context. On the other hand, households cannot take action to renovate and improve their residential unit because they are in the lower economic deciles. In addition, they will not be able to participate effectively in the regeneration processes from a financial point of view. Among the investigated opportunities, the options "the possibility to solve the lack of urban services and facilities in the fabric in a fair way" and "the determination and law-abiding officials to intervene in the fabric" are placed in the first two positions with a weight of 0.19. These cases indicate that solving the lack of urban services and facilities in a fair manner is a very important factor in achieving spatial justice in the regeneration of the old fabric neighborhood, and also the determination and law-abiding officials are among the most important options in accelerating the process of regenerating the old urban fabric. Among the threat options, "Continuing the process of settling low-income strata with the motivation of obtaining cheap housing" and "Not paying attention to the regeneration of old urban fabric" are ranked first and second with scores of 0.19 and 0.18, respectively. This indicates that most residents of the Nemat-Abad neighborhood are in the lower economic deciles, and also in this neighborhood, the regeneration of old urban fabric has not been paid enough attention. ConclusionAccording to the findings of the research, the provision of suitable and safe housing, the provision of required urban services, and their location and distribution in a fair manner are the most suitable factors for realizing spatial justice in the old urban fabrica in the Nemat-Abad neighborhood. Therefore, the necessity of reviewing the approaches, policies, actions, and operational strategies in the field of old urban fabric, with the approach of stabilizing the urban environment, is quite obvious. Therefore, to determine the best strategy for the realization of spatial justice in the regeneration of old urban fabrics of the Nemat-Abad neighborhood, offensive/competitive strategies (SO) are emphasized. Therefore, six strategies were proposed in this situation. The application of these strategies in the Nemat-Abad neighborhood provides the basis for the sustainability of various social, economic, physical, and environmental aspects and ultimately causes urban development and increases the life quality of the residents.

This article is to study and define the Islamic globalcity and identify effective indicators in the transformation of the Islamic city into the Islamic globalcity. For this purpose, it examines the most important factors affecting the emergence of Isfahan as an Islamic city in the world and examines the extent and how these factors affect. This research is applied in terms of purpose and according to the studied components, the approach is the descriptive-analytical method And environmental and Delphi scanning technique has been used to identify variables and indicators. Based on the obtained sources and experts' opinions, out of 168 variables of global city and Islamic City, 51 variables were obtained to identify the global Islamic City. The identified variables were categorized based on the level of impact and placed in Mick Mac software for cross-impact analysis matrix calculations. Finally, 16 variables including GDP, urban market dynamics, diversity and competitiveness of commodity prices, hosting large international companies (top 500 global companies), urban population, number of international direct flights, number of large hotels, Number of foreign visitors, diversity of energy production, attraction capacity of tourist sites, location in main transportation routes, low government interference in the market and market supervision, establishment of international banks, existence of international stock exchanges, number of top universities and the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) were obtained As effective key drivers of Isfahan's transformation into a global city. The results of the findings indicate the fact that the city of Isfahan can be upgraded from a regional city to an Islamic world city if 16 development drivers are considered and strengthened.

The idea of of the mid-sized creative city is effective in order to make the best use of all the human and environmental potentials in the mid-sized cities and also to prevent the overflow of problems to the metropolises, because the capacities available in mid-sized cities such as tourism, communication, handicrafts, etc. are among the main elements of the realization of a creative city that exists in the mid-sized cities. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the realization of a creative city in the mid-sized cities of Bonab. The research is of applied research type and the prevailing approach is descriptive-analytical and inferential research. The statistical population of the research at two levels included Bonab citizens and experts. Data collection was performed using two spectra of statistical and Delphi questionnaires. The results of the regression test showed that all variables were related to the realization of the creative city in the mid-sized cities of Bonab and a total of 98 variables could explain 79% of the variance changes. The results of the MANOVA test also showed that there is a difference between the neighborhoods of Bonab city in terms of the characteristics of the mid-sized creative city. Finally, the results of the TOPSIS model showed that the criteria of food and tourism and entertainment, communication and IT, industry, export, trade and services, university, research and health - treatment, social, culture and art, architecture - urban planning and management in The first to eighth priorities and neighborhoods 5, 1, 3, 4 and 2 are in the 1 to 5 priorities. Finally, it is suggested that the creative city in Bonab be realized with a focus on food tourism and the development of communication and university.

Extended AbstractIntroductionThe philosophy of collective life formation and coexistence has been the factor of security and defense.crisis management and passive defense and its application in the city have a historic antiquity,the truth of this claim can be found in defensive measures ,such as: moat,wall,kohandej,sharistan,robat,dam,etc.Thet exture,construction,function,from,performance of cities in strategic nd changes, areas have been a reflection of the amount of possible and experienced threats and crisis management has emerged in the intellectual field of Iranian designers,architects,urban planners and engineers.in every man-made phenomenon a defense aspect is evident,in the contemporaryera,the growth of technology a in the nature and quantity of risks and threats;measures of requirements,approvals and new defense assumptions have also been proposed.passive defese as an unarmed stregy based on principles such as:dispersion ,stealth ,concealment,cover,deception consolidation ,territorial defense training,etc.has become mandatory in the cities of iran in,the last two decades. MethodologyThe current research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose.The method of collecting information was in the from of documents and library.In this research,the matrix technique has been used to examine the conformity of the Andisheh urban system with the principles of non-agent defense and urban crisis management.In this regard,in order to know the elements,the centers of vulnerable areas and centers through surveys and interviews in the format of specified formats,prepared by experts and with the matrix method.Point have beengiven to these element and centers,and the strengthe and weaknesses of sensitive ,important and vital areas and centers have been extracted and finally led to the presentation of a strategic implementation model of crisis management and non-active defense for the city of Andisheh. Results and DiscussionComprehensive perspective of city as a system that has the related social, physical, economic Optimum location can be considered the most important non-active defense measure in reducing the vulnerability of vital and sensitive centers.Because if in the zero phase of the design,construction and establishment of vital and sensitive centers,factors and criteria under defense and security,such as Maximum use of natural feaures,Land preparation,Dispersion,Avoiding crowding and bulking ,primary resistance and … .compliance Monitored and controlled will prevent the occurrence of many subsequent problems. ConclusionAs one of the important cities of Tehran province with special strategic implemented;As our main research question and why ,the test that was obtained from this city with different techniques and data statistics ,it has been determined that these requirements have not been impelemented in this city,and if there are sometimes maches in some urban systems,due to the fact that urban planning has overtaken urbanization in this city,Beis is a new city.According to experts and filed studies,the reasons for the non-implementation of these principles include:cost,lack of Knowledge and awarenss of officials,non-implementationof some principles,defectes in the community plan,defects in the entry table, and non –biniding nature of these principles in the urban system,It is a construction.

Extended AbstractIntroductionIn Iran, the spatial inequality of cities has found a new manifestation, and the city of Ardabil is no exception to this rule. A study of demographic information of Ardabil province shows that in the urban system of this province, the city of Ardabil as the first city dominates the entire urban system. In the 2006 census of the Statistics Center of Iran and the provincial divisions, the city of Ardabil had a population of 418,262 people and in the 2016 census, it had a population of 529,374 people (General Population and Housing Census of the Statistics Center of Iran, 2006-2016). The rapid growth of urban population and the increasing expansion of this city is due to the intense rural-urban and urban-urban migration, which has led to the formation of unbridled and unplanned space, and urban management not only faces problems in providing services, but also In the age of globalization, efficient and effective management has become a passive and appropriate management. The inequality of Ardabil urban areas in having economic indicators and spatial imbalance has caused the city to move away from urban sustainability indicators. These heterogeneous and unequal spaces are not only evident in the whole city but also in the city areas. With an in-depth look at the components of urban sustainability, environmental justice and balanced growth, especially social justice, we can get the essence of it at different levels of global, national, regional and urban areas. According to what has been proposed, the present study has been written with the aim of investigating spatial inequality in the city of Ardabil to identify levels of inequality, to help urban farmers to solve various problems in these unequal areas. In this regard, in the first place, the situation of Ardabil urban blocks in terms of economic indicators using spatial statistics and hot spot analysis has been evaluated, and in the second place, the type of distribution pattern and distribution of spatial inequality using spatial autocorrelation (Moran statistic) becomes specific. MethodologyThe research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The information available in the statistical blocks of 2006 and 2016 of Ardabil city was used to collect research data. To show the state of economic inequality, spatial autocorrelation technique is used using Hot Spot Analysis in Arc/GIS software and Moran's I statistic is used to analyze the distribution pattern of this inequality. Results and discussionAccording to the final map, the western and northwestern parts of Ardabil, including Gol Moghan, Molla Yousef, Malabashi, Iranabad, Jane Kennedy, Orujabad, Islamabad, Seyed Abad, Kazem Abad, Mirasharf, Salman Abad and Mehrabad They live economically in poverty. The cause of economic poverty in these areas is the poor condition of the villages annexed to the city, which are now known as urban neighborhoods. The inhabitants of these areas are in an unfavorable economic situation because they are rural migrants. In contrast to these neighborhoods, the conditions of the residents of the southern parts of the city are considered very favorable economically. In this study, the Moran index calculated for 2016 is equal to 0.100517 and for 2006 is equal to 0.127204. This value is less than one and on the other hand the P-value is equal to zero, it can be concluded that the data have spatial self-correlation and because Moran's value is positive, so the spatial pattern of inequality in Ardabil in each The two periods of 1385 and 2016 are clustered. ConclusionThe study of economic indicators in the blocks of Ardabil shows the unfavorable use of resources and facilities, intra-regional imbalances in the city. So that in the analysis of hot spots on the desired indicators, the southern areas and part of the central areas of Ardabil have a suitable situation in front of these areas, the northern and northern areas The western part of the city was in a very bad situation. Continuation of this situation has also led to gaps and inequality between different areas of Ardabil. This gap and inequality is especially visible, especially between areas with a completely deprived and completely deprived situation. In such a way that these areas have upset the spatial balance and the formation of dual and bipolar spaces in the city of Ardabil and has disrupted the balanced economic growth and development of this city. Also, the studies conducted in order to analyze the spatiality of inequality and the factors affecting its organization in Ardabil city are based on the inefficiency of the management structure and macroeconomic system. They turn. In this regard, the main areas can be the inadequacy of urban management in various areas such as accountability, the failure of the formal land and housing market, the inadequacy of land laws and lack of control over the economic situation and inflation. Also effective processes can be the period of management in Ardabil (all cities of Iran) and the lack of continuity of management positions and reduce their efficiency in promoting poor areas, urban technocracy (non-participation) and the lack of fair distribution of resources, lack of proper implementation of programs Tackling poverty due to various processes in the areas of policy-making, decision-making and implementation (lack of integration), stereotypes during different periods and lack of segregation of interventions in new, old, historical and marginal contexts, not preventing the prominent role of brokers in the field of land and Housing, as well as inappropriate macroeconomic policies that have led to widespread sanctions on Iran over the years and decades and rising inflation, are among the main areas for the spread of spatial inequality in the study area.

 In the literature of geopolitical studies, the convergence of two countries has always been considered as their political, economic, and strategic intermingling. International convergences can both promote the geopolitical status of a country and expand its influence on geopolitical domains. Based on the status and functions played by Islamic Republic of Iran and Arab Republic of Egypt in the affairs of the Middle East, the existence of barriers to the convergence of the two countries can bring about considerably far-reaching consequences in this geographical region. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the most significant barriers to the convergence of Iran and Egypt (in the period between 2018 and 2022). The study was applied in terms of purpose and implemented a descriptive-analytical methodology. The population consisted of all experts, specialists, and university professors in geopolitics and international relations, and Cochran’s formula(William Cochran) determined the sample size at 50. The obtained means were analyzed using SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The results showed that transregional, regional, and domestic factors were the most significant barriers to the convergence of Iran and Egypt, and trans-regional factors were more pronounced in this regard. In other words, Egypt’s support of the intensified military presence of the U.S. in the Middle East, the Iranian ideology of exporting its revolution to the Middle East and North Africa, Iran’s support for the resistance front, and Egypt’s approval of “Abraham Accords” have had the most significant impacts on the increased divergence between Islamic Republic of Iran and Arab Republic of Egypt.

Extended AbstractIntroductionCitizens 'participation in urban affairs promotes citizens' understanding of issues related to them and their mutual needs, and helps to create a better society. And strengthens a community's ability to coordinate the actions of individuals to develop and improve valuable collective goods and to better govern, and increase the opportunities for smart policymaking. The city of Urmia, which is one of the most populous centers in Iran, has 124 hectares of old texture, which is declining day by day due to lack of attention to public participation in solving its problems. Therefore, considering the role of public and social participation in the success of urban regeneration programs in the old context, in this study, while recognizing the meanings and concepts related to the role of public participation in urban regeneration programs, optimal strategies to increase public participation in Develop and present urban regeneration programs. MethodologyThe research method in this article is survey-descriptive and the research is based on the study of internal and external factors to achieve optimal strategies to promote social participation in the reconstruction of the old context. Selection of a case study from the statistical population seemed necessary. For this reason, using the Cochran's formula from the statistical population of 540 households in District 4 of Urmia (Samaneh Tose'e Co., 2016), 30 households were selected as a case study. The sampling method is systematic and the Likert scale is used for scoring. After identifying the external and internal factors affecting the area by examining the upstream documents and field studies, using a questionnaire, SWOT technique and ANP model have been evaluated. Then, each of the criteria and sub-criteria was calculated using the ANP model in the super design statistical software, which is analyzed below. The Network Analysis Process (ANP) model is an advanced model for decision making and analysis. This model has the ability to calculate the consistency of judgments and flexibility in the number of levels of judgment criteria. The network analysis process model is in fact a generalized model of the Hierarchical Planning Method (AHP) that does not assume in the Hierarchical Planning Method that there is no relationship between different levels of decision making.   Results and DiscussionOne of the serious problems in the cities of developing countries, especially in Iran, is having old urban textures. Poor and unsafe spaces, narrow passages, spatial and architectural anomalies, garbage disposal, sewage and population density in small spaces are the main problems of the old textures of cities. Due to the weak structure, performance and migration of the villagers, this has left the main inhabitants of the region and has caused further destruction and erosion of this tissue. One of these areas is District 4 in the city of Urmia, which includes a large worn-out area. The results of the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are presented in the form of four strategies for rehabilitation, modernization and reorganization of the troubled areas of Region 4. An aggressive strategy was presented to develop the capacity of residents and stakeholders in tissue repair. It can be concluded that the development of urbanization in recent decades has been associated with major changes in urban contexts. Therefore, there is a need to provide a suitable solution to the problem and identify the size, extent and severity of the problem. The general conditions and characteristics of the city, the existing macro policies and special features, each with an old texture can be effective in presenting strategies for the reconstruction of the old texture. In this study, it can be said that there have been scattered neighborhoods in this area since the beginning. And this region has more problems of social, economic and cultural concern, it can be said that the reconstruction of the old fabric of the city is not possible without the cooperation of the government, public institutions and citizens. Rehabilitation and repair of old tissues and public participation are interrelated and are in fact inseparable components. Attention to the old contexts is not possible except through public participation and the public sector. Older contexts require strong social participation, which ultimately leads to social sustainability. The SWOT technique, which is one of the famous models of strategic planning, can suggest the most appropriate strategies by extracting strategic factors. Regarding the study area, by examining the internal factors and with 15 strengths and 22 weaknesses, it can be concluded that the level of vulnerability is high in the area. In the case of external factors, the existence of 13 opportunities versus 6 threats to some extent indicates the open development horizons of the progress of the study area. ConclusionBy examining the scores obtained, the strength factors are more important than the internal and external factors of the four groups. The results show that the inner points of "reducing the growth of families" with a score of 0.5 and "the tendency of people to live outside the old context" with a score of 0.435 and the outer points of "increasing the ratio of men to women and a total lack of The existence of "social security" with a score of 1.52 and "the existence of grounds for the establishment of cultural centers" with a score of 0.655 have the greatest impact on the old context. These strategies that are the proposals of this plan are to improve the economic level of the area with the help of NGOs, to study people's self-help in order to physically improve the texture, to create councils in the area, to attract investors to improve the quality of the texture. Preparation for the implementation of the neighborhood plan in the old context, preparation for demonstrating market potentials, preparation for raising the level of awareness of residents about the benefits of participating in the project, strengthening employment and self-sufficiency in the area, participation in acquainting others with benefits and potential Existing in the old context and establishing a secure communication network in accordance with the needs of the residents.

Extended AbstractIntroductionRemote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about the earth's surface without physical contact with it. This is done by measuring and recording the energy reflected or emitted from the ground and processing, analyzing and using this information. One of the effective tools in the field of environmental studies and earth sciences is the use of remote sensing technology and the use of satellite data. Today's measurement technology has made it possible for geoscientists to use satellite imagery and the processing that takes place on these images to provide the information needed to better understand and detect changes in the human environment. Identify the planet Earth. Monitoring and extraction of changes in the water level of Lake Urmia in recent years has been considered. One of the effective tools in the field of shoreline changes and its area is the use of remote sensing technology and the use of satellite data. The use of satellite imagery due to its large spatial coverage, high resolution, low cost, time archive, free access to satellite imagery and the existence of applications and applied spectral indicators, became very important in studies of estimating the area of ​​water areas. MethodologyIn this paper, the water area of ​​Lake Urmia was calculated by remote sensing and processing of satellite images. Images of the Landsat 8 satellite with pass number 169 and row number 34, which corresponded to 20/05/2021 at 7:38:14, were downloaded from the website of the United States Geological Survey https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov. The Landsat satellite has two imaging sensors. One is the OLI sensor and the other is the TIRS sensor. The OLI sensor has 9 spectral bands in the visible and infrared reflectance range. The TIRS sensor also has two thermal bands. After downloading the Landsat 8 satellite images, it was cut in ENVI software version 3.5 of the Urmia Lake area. The error of the satellite images was eliminated radiometrically and geometrically. In order to improve the spatial resolution of the study area, the 30-meter pixel image was converted to a 15-meter pixel size to improve the resolution of the study area, then atmospheric correction was applied to the satellite image. There are different spectral indices for water zones, the index that was used for the water zones of Lake Urmia is the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). To investigate the area of ​​Lake Urmia, the output of Shipe File was done in ENVI. The output file of the file slope was called in Arc Map and the area of ​​Lake Urmia was calculated in terms of square kilometers.   Results and DiscussionOne of the methods used in remote sensing to identify phenomena is the use of spectral index. Many studies and researches have been done in the past that the water zone has been separated from other phenomena. The NDWI Index, also known as the Water Index, was first introduced by Gao in 1995. Another indicator was later used in 2005 by Denison et al. To measure plant moisture. A year later, McFithers (1996) introduced NDWI, a combination of green and near-infrared bands, in another study on the separation and detection of blue zones. In 2003, Chen et al. In a study of plant moisture content presented a new indicator that combines near-infrared and short-wavelength infrared bands. In 2006, with a slight change from previous algorithms, Zhou replaced the mid-infrared band with the near-infrared band and introduced a new indicator. The corrected NDWI index presented by Zhou has been used in various studies only in the field of identification and extraction of water areas. Index (MNDWI) separates the Urmia Lake area from other coverings. In this index, there is water in some places. Its NDWI value is different from the places where it is white and wet salt marshes. In the water zone, the index reaches 0.99, but in wet salt marshes it reaches 0.6. Is higher. In this index, the positive numbers are between (0.6-1) water areas, the numbers are 0 and negative are other vegetation. The spectral behavior of water is different from other indicators, it has the highest amount of reflection in the blue band, from the blue band to longer wavelengths, ie infrared, it increases the absorption rate, and consequently the reflection decreases.  ConclusionTo investigate the area of Lake Urmia, the output of Shipe File was done in ENVI. The output file of the file slope was called in Arc Map and the area of Lake Urmia was calculated in terms of square kilometers. According to Landsat satellite images with ROI values between 1 to 0.2 percent, the area of Lake Urmia on the date of the images, which were downloaded on 20/05/2021, has been calculated to be 3,107,844 square kilometers.

Extended AbstractIntroductionThe delimitation of maritime boundaries is one of the important steps in drawing sea boundaries. The delimitation of the maritime boundaries in the Persian Gulf region has a special geographical and legal complexity due to its shallow depth and breadth, the existence of islands and energy reserves. Iran delimited most of its maritime boundaries with the southern Gulf States in the 1960s and 1970s. The current study aims at expounding the factors affecting the delimitation of Iran's maritime boundaries with the Persian Gulf states. MethodologyThis research is fundamental in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data are collected using library resources. Also, data are analyzed using qualitative and inferential methods. The present study also tries to provide a coherent analysis and interpretation of the factors affecting the delimitation of Iran’s maritime boundaries with reference to the Iran's maritime law provisions, Iran's boundary agreements with the of the Persian Gulf states, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), reports and reliable legal reference books and the claim of countries regarding the delimitation of maritime boundaries.. Results and DiscussionThe research findings demonstrate that geographical, legal, political and economic factors have played a role in delimiting Iran's maritime boundaries with its neighbors. Political and economic factors have played an indirect and motivating role in Iran's desire to delimit its maritime boundaries with its neighbors. The economic factors have played an important role in the Iran-Saudi maritime boundary (access to energy fields). However, geographical and legal factors have played a direct and decisive role in delimiting Iran's maritime boundaries. Among the geographical factors, the condition of the coastlines and islands of Iran have played a decisive role in the delimitations of Median Lines. Some geographical factors such as geological and geomorphological variables of the seabed did not play a role in delimiting the boundaries. Nevertheless, the role of these natural elements in the fluidity of energy reserves led to the emergence of buffer zones on the boundaries. Legal factors within the framework of the principle of Agreement, Equity and the Equitable Principle have played an important role in Iran's maritime boundary agreements with its southern neighbors. Among the legal elements, the Proportionality Principle has no place in the Iran’s maritime agreements, which has been mostly cited in courts and judicial decisions. Nonetheless, Iran can apply this principle to the rest of its maritime boundaries. ConclusionThe complexity of the equations of the maritime region of the Persian Gulf and the presence of extra-regional powers have had a profound effect on the boundary and territorial arrangements of the region. Iran has undefined boundaries in at least three of its maritime areas in the Persian Gulf, i.e. with the countries of Iraq, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. In Iran's maritime boundary disputes with the aforementioned countries, a range of different factors can be observed, and the settlement of boundary disputes is not possible only by relying on legal and geographical issues, although these two factors are influential in the field of practice; However, there is a need for political, economic and other factors to play a role in the settlement and boundary arrangements of Iran and the mentioned states in the form of an interwoven complex. Political factors should be considered in appropriate interactions and regional collective cooperation policy and away from the intervention of extra-regional powers and states; also, economic factors should be considered in the cooperation of neighboring states for fair exploitation of seabed energy resources.