International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning
Volume:32 Issue: 4, Oct 2022

Derived from a research work of the same title, this article aims at recognizing the spiritual characteristics of the concept of dynamism and motion in the Iranian traditional architecture as well as its manifestation in the connector spaces of traditional houses. These valuable buildings represent the diversity of movement and stagnation for reaching eternal concepts through reproduction and variation of their elements. An Iranian architect expresses these two concepts of Islamic transcendental goals by contrasting combinations both in form and space. The key questions arising here are: what are the characteristics of movement and stagnation in Iranian traditional houses? What are the concepts of movement and stagnation in the architecture of the connector spaces in traditional houses? To answer these questions, a case study was conducted by combination methods. The required information was collected by desk and field studies. Ten traditional houses in Qazvin were selected as samples. According to the results, the movement both in the form of physical and sensational movements can be identified in traditional Iranian architecture. Physical movement or criteria such as moving in space and eye movement and sensational movement can be analyzed by influencing the feelings of viewers as well as the rest provided by a pause atmosphere.

The hedonic valuation method has been considered in various fields by researchers in order to estimate the value of a commodity or the demand for exploitation of a commodity for many years. Besides, the hedonic method has been widely used to identify ‘value’ indicators in the housing market. The need for indicators as the key tool for housing planning is related to the need to prioritize planning. Indicators are also critical to understanding housing characteristics. This article tries to develop a "conceptual model" of value by meta-analyzing the existing theoretical literature regarding the valuing indicators in the hedonic model, which has been done by the meta-analysis method, uses MAXQDA software and open and axial coding to analyze the texts in order to compile and classify the features that explain the value of housing. The research findings, which are taken from 335 highly cited articles between 2009 and 2019, show that despite the long period of application and theoretical development of the model, there is no theoretical consensus on the explanatory indicators of housing value. So, 7 main categories can be identified in the form of 350 concepts and 5883 codes (including frequency), which can show the range of housing value dimensions, in addition to summarizing the issue. Also, the share of basic structural-physical and peripheral categories, with 53.5 and 25.5 percent, respectively, has the most application in the hedonic housing valuation model. In the two-mentioned categories, the share of variables affecting the residential unit, the building of the property, and access to services and land uses with relative shares of 23.6, 19.2, and 16.5%, is more than other variables. The results show that while the concepts of many explanatory indicators of value are the same, a suitable range of explanatory indicators of housing value can be used in the hedonic model according to the goals and the target community, and this can lead to the formation of indigenous and specific values of a society.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between inside and outside in traditional Yazd houses from the late Safavid period until the end of the Qajar period. The methodology involves a combination of psychological and phenomenological approaches, and two perception levels are observed: accessibility and social-cultural perceptions. Parallel to the literature survey, the field study analyzes observations of episodes and sequences of the transition from exterior to interior, which were identified and studied utilizing 39 case studies (28 Muslims and 11 Zoroastrian houses). In addition, semi-structured interviews with 11 residents and in-depth interviews with 18 experts who have lived in such houses were performed. Analysis shows that there is a convergence between inside and outside in reacting to both perceptual aspects in the participants' cognition and behavior. Inside and outside of the cases, there are non-net boundaries at both perceptual levels, and they are overlapping and related together. According to the findings, the inside-outside relationship has taken place in at least four layers: outside out, outside in, inside out, and inside in. The inside-outside couple develops a hierarchy based on the 4-layer conceptual model, having the outside guard the inside. The hierarchy's length changes from case to case and gets more extensive or compact. It has also resulted in decisions on the size, quantity, and quality of the house's courtyard(s), as well as neighboring enclosed areas. Furthermore, there are inside-outside social interchangeable relationships that result in social-cultural fluidity in houses when family life is not routine for some social activities. Boundaries are created and altered in this respect based on the situations and requirements of the inhabitants.

Temporary accommodation is a necessary measure for various purposes that can be used by the homeless after events such as floods, earthquakes, and wars. Depending on the location of the disaster, temporary shelter users may have different groups of people with different attitudes and social, cultural, and climatic conditions. The incompatibility of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of temporary housing with the conditions leads to the dissatisfaction of the users and increases the psychological consequences of the disaster for them. Hence, the concept of flexibility in such situations is proposed to solve current problems and increase the responsiveness and desirability of temporary housing. The main question of the article is how to design flexible temporary housing with the help of digital tools. This paper seeks to provide a flexible physical model for improving the quality of temporary accommodation and responding to the different needs of different residents through digital tools. To achieve the goal and solve major problems in the design of temporary housing, digital design techniques can be very useful because the subject of the design has many limitations and expectations. This is a practical study and a review of the literature and its theoretical foundations have been prepared through library documents and research. According to the studies and components obtained from the literature review, a parametric and modular design approach to achieve a flexible physical model through a user-friendly method is proposed. From both design and evaluation perspectives, the Space Syntax Toolkit is used to obtain diagrams and basic information for designing responsive designs in terms of social and cultural components, and the Galapagos and Grasshopper plugins in the Rhinoceros environment for optimization. The minimum and standard dimensions of the Ladybug and Bee plugin are also used in the Grasshopper environment for climatic evaluation of the proposed physical models in the four cities of Tabriz, Tehran, Yazd, and Bandar Abbas. The results of this article indicate that the rectangular modules with an area of 6 square meters have the maximum ability to provide different patterns for the temporary housing plan according to the needs and tastes of users. Expandable modules are also an effective solution for the optimal use of the minimum dimensions in the plan, which can meet the climate needs according to the climate data of the four cities.

Land use characteristics affect social behavior and Social Capital (SC) among humans. Due to the different physical dimensions of the dense city neighborhoods, the type of ongoing social interactions in different locations will not be alike. In order to understand Kerman city’s historical quarters, we must analyze the transitions that occurred in the past few decades, and the formation and reshaping of various neighborhoods. The question we must ask is: What is the relationship between mixed land-use (MLU) and Social Capital (SC) in older and newer neighborhoods? In order to answer this question, we must apply the Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) to determine the relationship between the variables, and to measure the amount of MLU and SC, the criteria of "Diversity and Accessibility"; and "Collaboration and Interaction, Neighborhood ties, Trust, Sense of belonging, Participation, Awareness". Based on the findings, the amount of SC and MLU is different in old and new neighborhoods. In all sample neighborhoods, the level of SC is lower than the theoretical average, and the new neighborhood of Pansad-Dastgah is at a higher level than other neighborhoods. In general, there is a causal relationship between SC and MLU in the surveyed neighborhoods. This relationship is direct and incremental in some indicators of "diversity and accessibility" criteria and it is reversed and decreasing in other indices. Also, with increasing MLU, the amount of SC in neighborhoods is amplified. To determine the relationship between LMU and SC, the length of time residents live in a neighborhood and its social context, as well as the assessment of SC, have been considered. The model of old Iranian neighborhoods that have more SC and MLU, and theories of urban planning with MLU in their set of principles, can be a good basis for planning/re-planning in new and existing neighborhoods.

This research seeks to identify the indicators of nature's presence methods in housing design to explain a theoretical model concerning their effects on providing residential needs regarding monotheistic worldview and the Islamic lifestyle. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Indicators of the methods of nature's presence in the architecture of traditional Iranian houses have been extracted by investigating the theoretical foundations and case studies, through the qualitative content analysis method and the conceptual model of their effects on accommodating the residential needs has been explained by logical reasoning. To determine the importance of indicators and criteria for accommodating residential needs, the Expert questionnaire and the AHP method were used. The results of the correlation test that has been performed on the data obtained from determining the quality of indicators by a group of experts show the significant relationships between some of the different methods of nature's presence in architecture that were classified into four general factors. According to the results, the presence of the conceptual aspects of nature has had the greatest impact on providing the residential needs. In this context, the possibility of a relationship with the primary appearance of nature and applying indicators related to observing the hierarchical principle about determining spatial structure, access, and decoration application, have the greatest impact on providing a suitable context to apply other qualitative aspects of nature and accommodating residential needs.

The demand for energy has increased all over the world, and the construction industry makes up a high percentage of energy consumption. Different design components, construction, and exploitation regarding the field of construction energy consumption and the drive towards sustainability have been taken into consideration; however, energy conservation with an emphasis on the user's behaviors has been ignored. The purpose of this research is to provide a quantitative definition of the impact of behavior on energy consumption in three residential, institutional, and educational occupancies in one apartment through survey and simulation. In this research, by allocating three different occupancies to one building in Qom, the cooling and heating loads for each occupant have been compared in a one-year interval. First, the building modeling was carried out in Ecotet software and put in Energyplus software. Then by assuming a single building and describing three different patterns of using the space in Energyplus, the outcomes were compared. The results show that the reduction or increase in energy consumption in each occupancy was influenced by the number of users and the patterns of their activities or clothing. Reducing the duration of presence or changing the work hours in warm seasons of the year can significantly help reduce energy consumption in educational and institutional occupancies in hot and dry climates. The residential users' economic motives can be one of the reasons for reduced energy consumption in residential occupancies, compared to institutional occupancies.

This study aims to extract parameters defining neighborhoods from the residents’ points of view and compare them to those understood by experts. Experts’ proposed parameters and factors were extracted from the literature review, and residents’ parameters were obtained from conducting in-depth interviews analyzed by the Grounded theory method. Comparing experts’ and residents’ parameters shows weak, medium, and strong conformity between their parameters. Also, their factors, which are defining parameters, are different. Thus, parameters defining neighborhoods are not generalizable and cultural characteristics and local values of residents need to be considered in planning and policymaking for neighborhoods