فصلنامه کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 99، پاییز 1401)

The objective of the present study is to identify and categorize the dimensions and applications of artificial intelligence in library services.

The present research method is the meta-synthesis applied using the seven-stage Sandelowski & Barroso to obtain a comprehensive combination of the research subject based on qualitative studies. These steps include the clear problem statement, systematic literature review, search of selected texts, extraction of information provided in texts, analysis and combination of findings, quality control, and presentation of results. The English papers related to the research field from 2010 to 2020 in the Web of Science database and the Persian articles relevant to the research field from 2001 to December 2020 in the Magiran, Noormags, SID, IranDoc, Civilica, Ensani.ir, and ISC databases have been investigated. After concordance of article acceptance criteria, 35 papers out of 1116 retrieved articles were selected for review by the meta-synthesis method.

According to the evaluations performed by the content analysis approach, 35 articles identified with the most overlapping in three topics, eight concepts, and 36 codes for the dimensions of artificial intelligence were labeled in libraries. The research findings indicate that artificial intelligence will play a role in acquisitions, organization, search on databases, reference, book circulation, information retrieval, planning and design and development of the library, and more extensively employed in public services and technical services compared to the library management services. Moreover, by comparing the frequency of application of artificial intelligence in the concepts extracted from the articles, it is concluded that the functions of artificial intelligence mostly affect the circulation department of the library; the reference, information retrieval, and information organization are in the next places, respectively. According to studies, management services are at the lowest level in terms of being affected by the advantages of artificial intelligence. In the indicators section, "diagnosis and understanding of user information need", "selecting the appropriate strategy for search and responding users," and "analysis of question and search strategy" are the most affected indicators, and "knowledge management in the library" and "digital library design" are the least affected indicators by the functions of artificial intelligence.

The results of the present study indicate that artificial intelligence can make extensive developments in all sections of libraries and will drastically change the library. Identifying the components of artificial intelligence in libraries and adding knowledge in this field makes librarians and information center managers better understand artificial intelligence technology and its potentials for application in different sectors of libraries.

Since the discovery and representation of subjects contained in information resources is the most important goal in information description, analysis and retrieval systems, and since subject search is the most common type of user search in databases and library catalogs, in this study what is "subject" and how to analyze and extract subject matters in the process of determining subject keywords for an information resource, as well as some research and operational perspectives are discussed.

This conceptual paper uses documentary research method to examine the concepts of "subject" and "subject analysis", presented in a selection of related research works in the field of Information Science, as well as considering some corresponding concepts in the field of Computer Science and Natural Language Processing.

Despite various interpretations of what "subject" is, which some assume to be an axiom, and its definition unnecessary, there is consensus, explicitly or implicitly, on its meaning of "aboutness". Subject analysis of information resources, as part of the indexing process, is the analysis and identification of stated topics and concepts and/or obvious features of the information source that may involve manpower, computer algorithms designed to identify textual terms or the combination of the two is done. Each of these methods has its strengths and weaknesses. Search and retrieval problems due to the multiplicity of subject analysis tools and keyword assignment, low usage rate of standard descriptive schemas, inconsistencies between indexed terms assigned by a single indexer at different times, as well as between multiple indexers for the same information resource, human error in general, the inconsistency of users’ search terms with the assigned keywords, and the lack of on time description of resources due to the growing production of them are among the weaknesses of the human subject analysis approach. The application of automated methods of artificial intelligence and natural language processing offers promising prospects for increasing speed and consistency in various processes of describing and organizing information, including the extraction of subject keywords. However, evaluating the efficiency of the output of these methods, alone or in comparison with the keywords of human production, specially from the perspective of users, is required.

In the competition of machine algorithms with the human mind in the analysis and recognition of resource subjects, the human mind excels; whether it is an indexer who expresses in his own language what the source is about, or a designer who can design a machine that mimics the computational steps of his mind to saves time and resources. Libraries and information centers can, far from rushing to replace conventional processes and procedures, use the various methods and tools available from the Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning fields to design and develop automated systems for indexing and extracting or assigning subject keywords - and in the larger perspective, automated classification- to use resources (financial, human, and time) for the ultimate goal of maximizing productivity, shortening the subject access path to resources for users, and facilitating the description process.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the interest of the users of the National Library of Iran towards participation in cataloging or social cataloging approach, especially in assigning the subject keywords or tagging; and then implementation of dynamic social cataloging in the OPAC of the National Library of Iran.

This research is an applied and quantitative research. It has been done by survey method and researcher-made questionnaire with available sampling method from the users of National Library of Iran. In order to analyze the data in this research, the data analysis tool of the questionnaire of this research has been done with SPSS statistical software. Also, SPSS SAMPLE POWER software has been used to determine the sample population. The sample population for this research is 153 people. The reliability of the research instrument was also confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha test for the research questionnaire (0.75).

According to the findings, 39.9 percent of the users have searched through the subject field and 32.7 percent of them have searched through the advanced search using the combined search method in the cataloging records of their book. Usefulness of the subject headings listed in the cataloging records of bibliographic database of the National Library of Iran is satisfactory and helps the users to find the resources they are looking for. Users of National Library of Iran tend to participate in cataloging, specially assigning subject keywords and tagging in the cataloging records and they are eligible to participate in reviews, comments and suggestions on cataloging records. 81.7 percent of users were inclined to include subject keywords in cataloging records and only 18.3 percent expressed their opposition. 83 percent of users were interested in commenting on the cataloging records, and only 17 percent expressed opposition. 56.9 percent of users use the website www.librarything.com and 88.9 percent of users wanted to dedicate a section called "My Library" to each of them and only 11.1 percent expressed their opposition. The rate of improvement of retrieval results with the help of social cataloging is higher than average "3" and is desirable and will help the users of the National Library in improving the retrieval results in finding the resources they are looking for.

Based on the results, it can be stated that more than half of the users of the National Library of Iran are interested in participating in the cataloging of resources or social cataloging. Due to the unintentional mistakes of catalogers in cataloging, such as assigning the subject to resources, etc., it is clear that the participation and use of collective wisdom is needed, because using collective wisdom will reduce unintentional mistakes. Due to expression of user’s interest for social cataloging approach, the implementation of the dynamic social cataloging in OPAC of the National Library of Iran will greatly improve the quality of cataloging records and better retrieval of resources and more interaction with users. Combining aspects of social networks with traditional cataloging to achieve the goals of interactive OPAC or OPAC 2 will result in user satisfaction and improved retrieval results.

The purpose of this study was to identify those elements of user interface (i.e. navigation, structure, graphic, and content), in which users are interested since they are either visually familiar or new to themand could remain in their long term memory. Therefore, in this study, users' interaction with elements of website interfaces was investigated through information processing theorybased on the eye-mind hypothesis with considering their capabilities (i.e. learning style, information and computer literacy).

This research was carried out through an applicatory & explanatory method. The research population consisted of postgraduate students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. For data gathering, interactive sessions using eye tracker was used. The four elements i.e. navigation, structure, graphics, and content of the Wikipedia's website were considered as the testbed and a set of tasks were defined and participants were asked to perform them, carrying these tasks out formed the interactive sessions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze the data. In the descriptive section, frequency, percent, central tendency measures such as mean and dispersion indices such as standard deviation were used. As for the inferential secion, appropriate statistical measures were used to test the null hypothese; among them we can mention the multivariate two factor analysis of covariance, single variable two factors of covariance analysis and repeated measurement.

The results show that among the studied elements, the navinavigations the highest number of subjects' fixation count, and graphics, content and structure occupy the next ranks respectively. Maximum and minimum fixtation count for navigation is 0.87 and for structure is 0.34. the longest participants’ fixation duration was related to navigation element, and after that graphics, structure and content respectively. Maximum fixtation duration is for navigation (0.81) and minimum fixation duration is attributed to the content element (0.42).

Changing in interface design paradigms caused users pay little attention to content elements and become more interested in visual elements instead. By examining the eye movements of the users in this research, it is now evident that the user interface elements have impact on the users' eye movements. During the process of interaction, the users' eye movements changed from attending general elements to attending more complex ones.The results of this study is useful for user interface designers to design better user interface for stable, consistent and deep interaction with users which helps better information processing. So, based on looking behavior (through users’ eye tracking) and obtaining information regarding visited webpage, designers can get essential knowledge for specifying necessary main elements and subsidiary components in web page designing and organizing\layouting them.

The current study presented the criteria for measuring the content of specialized books.

Current study used a library method as well as the perspectives of experts from large universities to gather needed data. It is categorized as a descriptive-survey research in terms of how data is collected. The statistical population of the present study is 2449 experts in the fields of humanities and behavioral sciences of the country's major universities. The gathered data was analyzed through a questionnaire using SPSS software. Descriptive indicators (frequency, frequency and mean) and inferential tests (Friedman) were used to analyze the data.

The present study indicated that from the point of view of experts in the field of humanities in top universities, publishing and publisher criteria, creator, translator, authored content, translated content, structure and appearance in evaluating and ranking specialized books in the field of humanities have an important and fundamental role.Because experts in comprehensive universities across the country have considered the component of "translation content" to be more important than other components, experts have valued the content of translation books more than any other, and it has been important for them to have the necessary criteria for evaluation. Translation content should be used in the ranking of specialized books. This could be due to translation problems in specialized books in the fields of humanities and behavioral sciences, which, despite the increasing quantity of these translations in the country, do not show much acceptable quality.

Conclusion:

 The result of the present study is to provide evaluation criteria that can be very important for both professionals and librarians to collect resources, resource ranking criteria can be useful for publishers to produce quality resources. Using the views of experts in the present study, it is possible to qualitatively rank the works by prioritizing the criteria by the experts in each field of knowledge. These rankings can help readers and researchers find higher quality resources, and librarians can help select and purchase higher quality resources if a large organization has ranked them. With the use of new tools, the speed of access to information may have improved, but the problem of finding reliable and quality resources remains strong, and ranking resources can play a role in solving this problem. Resource ranking criteria can also be useful for publishers to produce quality resources. These criteria can help readers and researchers to find better quality resources and help librarians to select and purchase better quality resources. Therefore, it is suggested that the organization that uses these criteria, in order to use each of the criteria in accordance with the policies of its organization, conduct a survey of relevant experts and adapt the criteria. It is suggested that the criteria be evaluated annually or in different courses by experts in the field or field. Finally, it is suggested that a study be conducted to identify the priorities of specialized books in engineering and experimental technical fields and the results of that research be compared with the present study.

The present study intends to explain the criteria for measuring specialized books, to provide criteria for book ranking so that experts can evaluate and rank the book using the presented criteria.

Methodology/Approach: 

This study, because it uses library-based texts as well as the perspectives of experts from large universities to gather information, is categorized as descriptive-survey research in terms of how data is collected. The statistical population of the present study is 2449 experts in the fields of humanities and behavioral sciences of the country's major universities. The collected information was analyzed and analyzed through a questionnaire with SPSS software. Descriptive indicators (frequency, frequency and mean) and inferential tests (Friedman) were used to analyze the data.

The present study showed that from the point of view of experts in the field of humanities in major universities, publishing and publishing criteria, creator, translator, authored content, translated content, structure and appearance in evaluating and ranking specialized books in the field of humanities. It can be fundamental.Discussion and

The result of the present study is to provide evaluation criteria that can be very important for both professionals and librarians to collect resources, resource ranking criteria can be useful for publishers to produce quality resources. Using the views of experts in the present study, it is possible to qualitatively rank the works by prioritizing the criteria by the experts in each field of knowledge. These rankings can help readers and researchers find higher quality resources, and librarians can help select and purchase higher quality resources if a large organization has ranked them. With the use of new tools, the speed of access to information may have improved, but the problem of finding reliable and quality resources remains strong, and ranking resources can play a role in solving this problem. Resource ranking criteria can also be useful for publishers to produce quality resources. Using the views of experts in the present study, it is possible to qualitatively rank the works by prioritizing the criteria by the experts in each field of knowledge. These rankings can help readers and researchers find higher quality resources, and librarians can help select and purchase higher quality resources if a large organization has ranked them. Criteria can also be important for libraries that self-evaluate resources. Using the criteria, libraries will be able to evaluate their collection and provide the recommended book quality rating to their users. It may not be necessary for libraries to review all of the criteria mentioned in the present study, especially since it has been clearly demonstrated in the prioritization made by experts that some criteria are more important than others in a field of knowledge. In library policy, the ranking can only be limited to important criteria, or non-important items can be removed from the set of criteria in each field and the final ranking can be given from the total number of evaluated criteria. ,

‌ The main aim of this research is to determine the centers and schools for the reproduction of jurisprudential sources and to study the frequency of jurisprudential works written in Shiite schools in the first Safavid period.

 Due to the extent of subject, the thematic scope of this research is the jurisprudential works written in Shiite schools in the first Safavid period, from the beginning to the era of Shah Abbas I (from 907 to 1038 AH) and within the geographical area of ​​important cities in Iran.

‌ The research findings are: ‌ A) Out of 392 jurisprudential books and booklets written in the first Safavid period, only in 86 of the jurisprudential manuscripts under study, the center of reproduction is mentioned. B) Among the cities of Iran in the first Safavid period, the cities of Mashhad and Shiraz each with 9 schools and Isfahan with 6 schools have the most Shiite schools with the highest frequency of writing jurisprudential works. Then, the cities of Kashan with 4 schools and Tehran with 3 schools and the city of Hillah from Iraq with 2 schools and other cities each with 1 school are in the next ranks in terms of the frequency of reproduction of jurisprudential works in Shiite schools.

 Due to the need of Safavid kings to spread the Shiite Imami culture and belief after the official announcement of the Shiite religion in Iran, the establishment of Shiite schools in large and important cities was one of the plans of the Safavid kings in the Safavid period. By studying the writing centers of the first Safavid period among the studied jurisprudential works, the number of schools in Mashhad, Shiraz and Isfahan had a high frequency and the number of schools in Kashan and Tehran was in the next rank and the number of schools in Qazvin and Qom were in the last rank. In all schools of Iran and even schools of other countries, the jurisprudential works of famous Imami jurists and mainly books that are considered as a textbook have been written and copied.

In this study, access to information about the status of book publishing in Azeri Turkish and its evolution in the years after the Islamic Revolution is the most important goal. Extracting and obtaining statistics on books published in Azeri Turkish in the last 40 years has led to significant results. In general, the main concern raised in this research is the status of publishing books in Azeri Turkish.

This citation and bibliometric study was performed using descriptive statistics. The statistical population of the present study is 4690 titles of books in Azeri Turkish language published in the whole country between years 1979 to 2018. The specifications of these books have been obtained by referring to reputable databases such as Book House, National Bibliography of Iran. In addition, in order to obtain the specifications of all books published in Azeri Turkish, we have referred to authoritative bibliographies that have been prepared and compiled by renowned bibliographers over the past years.

The results show that the most books published in Azeri Turkish in 2018, related to 374 titles. And the lowest is 8 titles in 1992. Of the mentioned books, 3377 are authored. Publishers of Tabriz are in the first place with the publication of 1707 titles of books in Azeri Turkish language. There are 3404 first edition titles. The number of monolingual books (Azeri Turkish) is 4356 titles and only 334 titles have been published in two or more languages.Most of the books published in Azeri Turkish are related to literature. The steep downward slope of the average number of books has reached three digits, the lowest average number of books related to 2018 is 665 copies. In all the years studied, the average price of books has been increasing. Available statistics show that on average, in the years under study, less than 120 books have been published annually in Azeri Turkish.

A review of various sources and studies showed that no research has been done in relation to the subject under study. The findings of this study can be useful in future decisions and policies in the field of publishing books in Azeri Turkish.

This article examines the hidden and obvious potentials of manuscript treasures to generate new symbolic capital. This research tries to create narrative scientific-historical museums by using manuscripts.

This article has been implemented by analytical-descriptive method and using library resources. In this research, the word museum is interpreted using mythological knowledge. A new design is introduced for the layout and architecture of museums using the patterns of temples and mythical mirrors. Finally, the need to create narrative museums based on manuscripts is explained.

Manuscript treasures are hidden capital. By narrating them in scientific-historical museums, new symbolic capitals are created for the society. There are three fields of tourism, art and education in the museum. Manuscripts can become symbolic capital with narration in these fields.

Manuscripts show the antiquity of civilization and culture. Displaying and creating narratives for these manuscripts will introduce people to their history and identity. This museum transforms cultural capital into symbolic capital and creates development in this way. These museums can be designed like temples. In addition to the field of tourism, museums also have a function in the field of education. In the field of identity, museums are effective and can be useful. Visualizing the history of science and scientific concepts in the form of narrative museums is used in education, identification and the creation of symbolic assets. In addition, such a museum can have consequences similar to the messages of mythical mirrors for the visitor. The imitation of mythical temples and mirrors in the design of the museum can arouse the collective subconscious of the visitor and place him in a space similar to the mythical space. A quasi-mythical atmosphere in which the visitor experiences a return to previous historical periods, liberation from linear time, and a sense of renewal based on the presence of a mythical sacred time. A quasi-mythical atmosphere in which the visitor by experiencing the transition from historical periods, escape from everyday worries and challenges and feel the sense of renewal. Museum of Persian Prose can be established using this approach. Visualizing the history of prose for people by using narration can change their view of prose literature. Establishing a museum in this way can make people interested in prose and affect their lives. Khorasan and especially the old Baihaq, which is known as the capital of Persian prose due to the abundance of influential figures on Persian prose, is the best place to open such a museum.

Objective

 Considering that the Qurans of the Ilkhanid period have been prepared in different art centers, the purpose of this research is to do a comparative study of the characteristics of each group and to determine new patterns of illumination in the Ilkhanid School.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and comparative. In this research, gilded Qurans during the Ilkhanid period in three art centers of that time; Baghdad, Mosul, and Hamadan; Tabriz and Maragheh; and the local versions of Shiraz were studied. Four factors of decorative motifs (calligraphy background), Sar soura format, trances (connected and disconnected), and in-text signs were exemplified and compared.

Some elements of the Seljuk school, such as octahedrons, fringes on the sides of the pages, and the use of circles to obtain decorative patterns were also used in the Ilkhanid period. Knotting or interweaving patterns appeared in the last Seljuk works and became a widely used element in the Ilkhanid period. Based on the use of geometric and non-geometric elements and forms, the gilding of Ilkhani Qurans in three main groups, despite being prepared in the same period, showed different types as distinctive features.

The works prepared in different cities show differences, but in general, each of the examined Qurans was prepared in its way based on the book layout principles of the Ilkhanid period. Some elements such as geometric motifs show great progress compared to the Seljuk period, especially in the group of Qurans prepared in Baghdad, Mosul, and Hamadan, and the sample presented with the date 736 (image 20) shows that probably until the end of the Ilkhanid period, gilding with geometric motifs was combined. It has continued with plant motifs in this group. In the works of the northwest, this stage has been completed earlier with the use of plant motifs. In most of the Qurans of the order of Uljaito, which were prepared in Baghdad and Mosul, the background of calligraphy is simple and without decoration, instead, the signs, trances, and inscriptions were made very exquisitely. There is no independent page for the sun in this group; According to Blair's research, this element first appeared in Tabriz and Maragheh Quranic manuscript groups. In the comparison made by Khoddam about the 5-verse toranjs, connected or disconnected toranjs, this element is often seen in Baghdad and Mosul versions along with geometrical, Khata'i, and Islamic elements inside the cedar-like frame. But in Tabriz and Maragheh khatai flower editions, it is also used independently of the circle or cedar frame. According to the research of Khoddam, there were delicate shortfalls around the azure-colored sign from the Seljuq period, and in the Ilkhanid period, changes that radiated with shortfalls (like Shamseh) are seen in the Korans of Tabriz, Maragheh, and three cases in Baghdad. Snak arabesque and inaceolate leaf motifs was introduced as a new element in the gilding of Ilkhanid period. This research also shows that these two roles are abundantly used in the works of all three groups.