مجله منظر
پیاپی 61 (زمستان 1401)

The beach of the city, known as Port is called Bandar in the Persian language. There are two narrations attributed to it in this language: The first one, with transliteration of Bondar, in which kind of stuff is placed (according to Dehkhoda Lexicon), and second composed of ‘Band’ (enclosed), and ‘Dar ‘(door) means a pond-like enclosed area with a gate. The word "Bandar" entered the Arabic language with the plural form of "Banader" which means ports. In Hindi and Indonesian, there is a similar word called Bandargah, which points to the harbor. There are several ports around the world whose names are composed of Bandar. Coastal life is highly influenced by the sea. For coastal inhabitants, the sea is the origin of life and meaning. For those who live by the sea, the landscape of the sea is the reason for the existence of the city and motivation for its survival. The living connection with the sea is the secret of this landscape. The emerging point of these two entities is the borderline between the city and the sea; however, their relationship is expanded to all aspects of life, including: culture, architecture, food, occupation, religion, economy, and society. If living condition depends on the presence of the sea, it is not far-fetched to be the source of other inspirations as well. The sign and symbols, and the representation of human interaction with the nature of the sea appear at the border of their connection, which is the port, and its landscape is the representative of this connection; The port cities and villages have created the compound and complicated emerged relations at this borderline, which according to the local people all these manifestations together are all called ports. On the other hand, with the expansion of urbanization and the growth of port trade, together with the facility services, the part of the whole port which was allocated to the warehouses and transportation facilities, abruptly became the owner of this historical and cultural concept of human civilization. The growth of bureaucracy and the power of central government caused the formation of the 'Ports and Shipping Organization' in the country, which by ignoring the public rights and the cultural heritage of the ports, just relying on the organizational interests and taking advantage of the power, controlled the vital edge of this coastline, and dispossessed the citizens of this unique inspiration source and the reason behind the establishment of their city. Although, the port is a representative of the past and future interactions with the sea, not just a commercial task, the 'Ports and Maritime Organization of Iran' established a strong barrier around its entity to commit to the law, which was not according to the public advantages, but just to meet the partial interests of some groups; it was in a situation where this barrier affected the contact area used to be presented between the city and the sea. To experience the sea, people had to exit the city limits. The extent of damaging this borderline gradually increased, as the sea area was also occupied. Pushing back the sea has become so popular as a creative method under the title of 'land fill' or 'land reclamation'. The authorities tried to manage it extensively and make a 'shoreline retreat' by attracting more funds and moving landward, to get new areas for their activity. This procedure is also imitated by the municipality of port cities in moving seashores. At the far end of the beach, a high wall is built, and by filling the space behind it, a platform overlooking the sea is constructed to consider it as a land area added to the city land. These measures adversely affect people's feeling attached to the sea when they used to experience walking on the beach sands to let the water waves touch their feet. The actions pull people back from 'the sea' area to the 'offshore'; it looks like the authorities are unaware of the damage to the landscape, which used to be the source of inspiration for the residents. The protection of marine civilization is highly dependent on the long-term interaction between humans and the sea. It is not appropriate to extensively occupy the environment, whether willingly or unwillingly, just by exploiting engineering methods. The journal cover image shows 'Chābahār Port', which represents the active nature of the port, its access way on the coastal edge, and the vast areas dedicated to the port dock. All these actions are interventions in the historical and natural edge of the contact area, between the city and the sea, like a barrier prevents the continuity of the citizens' perception of their land. The material achievements arising from invading this precious gem in exchange for losing opportunities for expanding civilization and continuity of identity are so insignificant that they seem negligible in the macro economy of society.

As a manifestation of Iran’s landscape, the Persian Garden has reflected the thoughts, beliefs, and culture of Iranian-Islamic people throughout history. This gardening pattern has characteristics that have distinguished it from other gardening styles in the world. One of which is the water system in the Persian Garden. In the vast hot and dry areas of Iran, water has had an essential presence as evidenced by historical examples - from the oldest example in Pasargadae to the contemporary period – and water is considered one of the identity factors of the Persian Garden; Although the appearance of the water system and its nature in the Persian Garden as a product of human interaction with the environment has changed over time. The main purpose of this study is to explain the role of the water system in the eternity of the Persian Garden. To achieve this goal, first, the concept of eternity was defined and its criteria were extracted to form the theoretical model of the research. This theoretical model, which includes functional, climatic, socio-cultural, and semantic-aesthetic criteria, was then compared to the indicators of the water system obtained from the studies on the Persian Garden. To achieve these purposes, a combination of descriptive-analytical and historical research methods was used. The methods of data collection were in the form of library and field studies in addition to interviews with experts to achieve a comprehensive understanding of eternity, the Persian Garde,n and the water system. The method of information evaluation was qualitative according to the contents and the results were obtained through the analytical-inductive method. Based on this, the main question of the research has been answered and the final result was that the use of water in the Persian Garden was not instrumental, and maintaining a mental connection and assigning a meaningful role to it was the factor of the eternity of the Persian Garden; Because in the belief of Iranians, both before and after Islam, water has been a source of purification and has a sacred and meaningful role and has given life to the garden.

The love of nature and its beauty has been the source of the creation of many artistic works. Meanwhile, poetry has been no exception, and nature’s expression is observed in the works of the poets, especially contemporary poets, each of whom has spoken from a unique perspective and is disparately concerned about nature. Among the contemporary poets, Nima Youshij and Sohrab Sepehri, as modernist poets, have special credit and positions. Regarding the significance of nature in Iranian art, this paper analyzes and explains the views of Nima and Sohrab on the subject of nature and seeks to identify the similarities and differences in the types of attitudes of these two poets toward nature. On this basis, it analyzes the qualitative content of the poems by Sohrab and Nima with an interpretive method. The findings show that the poems of Sohrab and Nima share common aspects in concepts like the novelty of looking at nature and its elements, transformation in nature, nature as a safe place, and seeing the natural elements as living and animate things. However, they are different in concepts such as the special theosophical view of nature, holism, and specificity, phenomenological look at nature, nature as a symbol, native and local nature, and social view of natural elements. It seems that the major difference between these two poets is in their holism and specificity.

Visual obstruction of views that make it possible to see the shrine of the Imams (PBUH), the city’s strategically important landmark, results in the destruction of “Strategic Views.” Moreover, it causes a lack of identity in “Sacred Cities,” and leads to a loss of sense of belonging, safety, delight, peace, memorability, and other qualities obtained from the glorious display of the shrine building in different layers of the city. However, precise measurements can protect and enhance the value of these national and transnational treasures as cultural-historical heritage. This research is descriptive-analytical. In data collection, the bibliographic method and survey were used. In analysis, techniques of geometric definition for protection of selected views, visual management plans, height analysis of profiles in GIS, and qualitative visual assessment were used. Accordingly, by compiling the strategic view management framework of sacred cities, a document was presented that can be used in a practical process to organize the sacred city’s visual discipline on a large, medium, and small scale. This creates a visual connection between the city’s public spaces and the shrine. Focusing on this process in the city of Qom, where strategic views are under threat, has led to the identification of views, the provision of visual management guidance, and the calculation of height criteria for sensitive areas to high-rise buildings. The application of this framework in Qom has led to the identification of 16 viewing places (3, 2, 8, and 3 panoramic, linear, inside-river, and townscape viewing places, respectively) as well as 18 viewing locations and 26 strategic assessment points. The present research considers this document to guarantee the protection and management of the city’s strategic view. Moreover, to arrange and organize the visual discipline of other sacred cities, such as Mashhad, Karbala, Najaf, etc., it is suggested that the visual management framework document be put on the agenda as an efficient plan.

Since old times, religious places have played a key role in the development and configuration of cities. However, the rapid development of cities, especially big cities, has led to widespread structural, operational, and functional developments. These developments have turned the public urban arenas, once the scene of the most pleasurable public memories and large-scale events and the most important places for citizens’ gatherings, into unfamiliar, spiritless, and harsh environments, which have eliminated the human power of discovery and involvement with space. Imam Reza’s religious axis [street], which acts as the entrance into the holy site, is considered an active urban axis located in the traditional texture of the city. This axis, characterized by spatial placeness values, has defined the quality of accessibility to this central site since the Pahlavi era. In the meantime, structural developments, together with the rifts in the historical past of the street, have disrupted the spatial identity of the axis. This article aims to explain the factors affecting the discontinuity of the place identity and investigate the components that need to be redefined in space to create placeness in the Imam Reza axis. The research used a descriptive-analytical method based on documents, library sources, and field observations. The findings revealed that structural continuity in the Imam Reza axis preserves identity characteristics, prevents the historical disruption of the axis with its past, and can also resolve communication-functional problems. That said, the continuity of the axis’s placeness requires these characteristics, and the loss of each undermines placeness and the religious landscape of the axis as a whole.

Place experiences can enhance a sense of place attachment in viewers by evoking positive feelings and engaging their senses. In doing so, such experiences can contribute to the stability of commercial centers. Therefore, the experience of loyal customers is critical to the sustainability of marketplaces and commercial centers. The primary goal of this study is to compare the effects of sensory experiences (visual, tactile, auditory, gustatory and olfactory) on the development of pleasant feelings and a sense of place attachment in traditional Bazaars and modern shopping malls. For this purpose, this study aims at examining different aspects of sensory richness in the literature. It also scrutinizes the influence of sensory richness on place attachment. The research conceptual model was developed. Then, using the sensory technique, the index points in the samples were then selected using the sensory walking technique, and the degree of involvement of the five senses in each point was examined using sensory notations. Finally, the links between sensory richness, perceptual indicators, and place attachment were scrutinized using a questionnaire. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between the positive sensory components and the perception component in samples. Among the perceptual indicators, contentment and memorability were effective in both traditional Bazaars and modern shopping malls attachments. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of the identity index in traditional Bazaars, but this index has been overlooked in modern shopping malls. Furthermore, the security index has received much attention in modern shopping malls. However, this index was overlooked in traditional Bazaars. Finally, given that the sense of place attachment at Tajrish Bazaar is higher than that at Palladium shopping mall, it can be stated that the indicators of memorability, identity and satisfaction influence the development and promotion of attachment to commercial centers.

According to landscape definition, interaction is a key concept in landscape formation. Using strategies to increase the influence of the interaction elements (humans and the environment) in shaping and communicating with the landscape is an emerging concern that can be a major part of technology implementation in recent times. The interactive landscape is a different step towards strengthening the relationship between humans and places in a more purposeful approach. As a result, this article attempts to more precisely identify the interaction, as well as the characteristics and features that effectively improve the relationship between humans and the environment. In this regard, the environment and the occurrence of interaction, and the characteristics that affect it, are identified on the one hand, and human beings and human characteristics that affect the two-way relationship with the environment are identified on the other hand. The current study aims to answer the following question: What environmental and human characteristics are efficient in enhancing human interaction with the environment and forming an interactive landscape? This study aims to develop people’s relationships with the environment and strengthen the landscape’s interactive aspect. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to first investigate the concept of interaction and then analyze it to determine the effective indicators of interaction occurrence. Then, taking into account the importance of humans and the environment in the concept of landscape, it identifies environmental and human components that affect the strengthening of effective characteristics on the occurrence of interaction in the landscape by analyzing the contents based on human nature and the environment. This research suggests that to enhance the occurrence of interaction between humans and the environment, characteristics such as two-way relationships, activeness, variability, responsiveness, effectiveness, and affectedness need to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, the conditions of occurrence of interaction with the environment can be strengthened by using human and environmental characteristics based on their natures.