نشریه تاملات اخلاقی
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، Winter 2020)

Morality is one of the most important issues for humans and a common concern of human beings. Talking about the importance of morality, prompts people to think about this question: why should we live moral? The answer to this question can be found among the various functions that thinkers have proposed for ethics, because if the subject's knowledge confirms the usefulness of the action, then the subject will be motivated to do it. Therefore, the functions of an action can be an answer to why the action is performed. One of the functions of moral life is to increase the chance of survival, which has been introduced by moral evolutionists. The question of the present article is: how much this function can create motivation for a person to perform a moral act? Can the agent's knowledge that ethical life increases the chances of survival, motivate her/him to observe moral values? By considering the challenge of not believing in resurrection and sacrificing life, and many problems in life and the difficulties of ethical life, this result is obtained that although increasing the chance of survival can motivate a person to live morally, but Just increasing the chances of survival is not worth accepting the costs of being moral and does not provide enough motivation to endure the hardships of moral life. Therefore, evolutionary ethics is facing the challenge of lack of explanatory power for moral motivations and it cannot be accepted as a comprehensive theory in the field of moral motivation.

“Moral motivation” is one of the most important and widely used concepts in moral philosophy. Moral motivation is in close relation with two key terms in moral philosophy, i.e. “reasons for action” and “moral judgment”. People often do their actions for reasons, and motivational reasons are one of those reasons. People also make moral judgments, and “motivation” is what links judgments to actions. Philosophers of action agree that the agent must be motivated to do the action. A dominant theory among philosopher, known as “Humean theory”, considers two psychological states of “desire” and “belief” to be effective in motivating an agent to act. According to the “Humean theory” of motivation, “desire” is an intrinsically motivational state, with a world- to- mind direction of fit, and “belief” is an intrinsically cognitive state, with a mind- to- world direction of the fit. Some moral philosophers deny the generality of Humean theory and consider at least some of our moral beliefs to be cognitive-motivational, with both two directions of fit. The view of the recent philosophers, in my mind, has the merit of being apply to religious beliefs as well. In this case, at least some of our religious beliefs and the statements expressing them should have both two directions of fit. Accepting this view, accordingly, will help us to lead to new and two-faceted approaches to religious epistemology and religious language.

Taking a quick look at our surroundings, we encounter people, whether intentionally or unintentionally, violate virtues and intellectual values and seek to find many ways to justify their vice and unintellectual behavior. To deal with this problem, it is necessary to pay special attention to understanding and cultivating the virtue of intellectual humility.Intellectual humility helps us avoid certainty in stating what we predict is true or what we tend to know. Although, Intellectual humility causes humanity and interaction between individuals, therefore it makes people perform higher in gaining the truth. The purpose of this paper is to clarify and investigate what intellectual humility is and its necessity and role in acquiring knowledge and providing solutions for cultivating and strengthening it. This research is a qualitative research and is based on conceptual analysis method. The study population includes books and articles that debate on intellectual humility and its role in acquiring knowledge. The results of this study shed light on the fact that teaching intellectual humility to students is one among the foremost necessary obligations for university professors. It also is partly attributable to the fact that its important position in students' political and social life is inevitable as serving them to acquire knowledge, independence and preparation for adulthood. Presenting vices that are the inverse of intellectual humility, becoming similar to models, modeling intellectual humility, practicing generosity and gratitude, and cultivating intellectual humility through a growth mindset are among the foremost important ways to cultivate this intellectual virtue.

Cobra is one of the serious harms in the field of morality and behavior in society, which changes the identity of man and causes his overthrow; And in religious and moral texts, its avoidance has always been recommended in various ways. Arrogance is often the external manifestation of arrogance Which causes humiliation and harassment of others. But in some cases, arrogant behavior is recommended This research tries to determine the scope of using arrogance according to the observance of ethical principles. For this purpose, first the factors of arrogance have been studied and then the cases of arrogance have been explained To determine the reason for the permissibility and impermissibility of the moral ruling in the use of arrogance and its limits. The research method is analytical-documentary. The results show that although arrogant behavior is not necessary with arrogance and the relationship between arrogance and arrogance is a public-private relationship, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the scope of using arrogance is much less than the prohibitions.

Courage is one of the main virtues in ethics and is one of the key and frequent terms in mysticism. Mystical ethics has a lot of capacity to elevate and deepen ethics, but even though a lot of attention has been paid to courage in philosophical ethics, its precise and systematic conceptualization is one of the important gaps in mystical ethics, like many moral properties. The present research, which was conducted in an analytical-descriptive method, has tried to express the specific perception of mystics about the concept of courage based on the main texts of the mystical school of ethics, to explain the connection between courage and mysticism in a reliable way, and to extract the degrees of realization of courage. and establish the structure of examining virtues with the approach of mystical ethics. Therefore, he has identified "the centrality of the human heart" and "being longitudinal of human existential layers" as two effective bases in mystical ethics, and he has achieved three aspects of the relationship between courage and mysticism, which are: intuitive monotheistic vision of God, love for God and Optional death experience. In addition to the fact that these aspects can be explained in various ways, they show the monotheistic nature of virtue in this sublime morality.

Today, adoption and having children is one of the important issues, the expansion or non-expansion of which is the subject of conflict between supporters and opponents. Proponents have mentioned arguments such as reviving childhood days and the child within parents, creating mental peace due to economic-social growth for themselves and society, happiness of parents, fulfillment of parents' motives, etc. in order to spread adoption. On the other hand, the opponents also put forward arguments about the heavy responsibility of having children, physical and mental problems for the mother, environmental dangers and lack of mental peace for the parents, etc. The explanation and analysis of this issue in normative ethics with a utilitarian approach is also of particular importance because the basis of this view is more profit and pleasure for most people. If an action such as having children results in more benefits for most people, it is morally right, and otherwise it will be wrong. Since one of the most important benefits for humans in any matter is its psychological benefit and it is the basis for persuading a person to do an action or not, in this research the psychological consequences of having children from the point of view of utilitarians who are in favor and against having children have been investigated and criticized in a descriptive-analytical way.