Journal of Pathobiology Reaearch
Volume:24 Issue: 3, Autumn 2021

Epilepsy is among the wide spread neurological disease. Considering that the occurrence of seizures in 20 to 40% of epileptic patients is resistant to drug therapy, many researches are being conducted to reach new methods of epilepsy treatment. The most common epileptic syndrome in adults is temporal lobe epilepsy. In most patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the structures of the middle temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, are involved in seizure generation and propagation. One of the relatively new therapies for controlling drug-resistant seizures is direct stimulation of the epileptic focus by electrical stimuli. Numerous studies have shown that the application of deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) has anticonvulsant effect on the epileptic focus, but the mechanism of its anticonvulsant effect is not yet fully understood. Many abnormalities occur following seizures and it can be postulated that DBS may prevent or reduce these abnormalities. One important abnormality is inflammation. Here we briefly reviewed the probable relationships between anticonvulsant action of DBS and inflammation.

Helicobacter pylori is a specific pathogen of the human stomach that immunomodulatory effects of Helicobacter pylori fractions have been suggested as an immune stimulus factor in vaccine candidate design. Helicobacter pylori FlgE2 protein is part of bacterial flagellum membrane whose effects on innate immune cells have not been studied. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of FlgE2 on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by rat peritoneal macrophages.Helicobacter pylori FlgE2 protein was recombinant produced. Peritoneal macrophages of mice were removed and cultured. Different concentrations of recombinant FlgE2 protein were used to stimulate macrophages and assess NO production. To detect NO, macrophage culture supernatant was removed and evaluated by reagent grease. Finally, the results were evaluated by SPSS software. The results showed that the recombinant FlgE2 protein from Helicobacter pylori increased the level of nitric oxide by increasing the concentration. At 80 μg/ml (P=0.01), the increase in nitric oxide level had the highest level of production and then was observed at 40 μg/ml, which increased significantly compared to the LPS control group. This increase was then observed at concentrations of 20 and 4 μg/ml.According to the findings of this study, recombinant FlgE2 has a positive effect on stimulation of NO production by peritoneal macrophages. Therefore, it is suggested that recombinant FlgE2 can be proposed as an immunostimulant for vaccine candidates.

Virus-based vectors, also called viral vectors are being studied in the field of gene therapy because of their innate biological and structural properties. Their ability to protect and specific delivery of genetic elements into the cells, promising results in the pre-clinical studies, going through clinical trials and approval of some products as a therapeutic option in some cancers introduce viral vectors as a powerful tool in the field of gene therapy. In this review, first an introduction about viral vectors is presented and then some studies about application of viral vectors in various fields of human diseases such as prevention and treatment are briefly discussed.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains cause a gastrointestinal disease in the developing countries. Over the years, antimicrobial resistance of EPEC have been a major issue. Bacteriophages have been a therapeutic option for bacterial infection. Our aim was to assay lytic activity of a siphophage on an EPEC strain.

EPEC strain ATCC 43887 was used for phage isolation using by double layer agar method. Bacteriophage morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscope.

a siphophage was detected by transmission electron microscope images. The phage formed small clear circular plaques. The results of lytic activity of siphophage on reference EPEC strain showed the phage could lyse the strain.

the phage had lytic activity on reference EPEC strain. The phage belonged to siphoviridae family. It look the phage can lyse clinical EPEC strains.

Treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a global challenge. The combined therapies involve the simultaneous use of two or more biological agents with different mechanisms of action, which are more effective than traditional treatments for diseases that act only in one way. The aim of this study was synergistic antibacterial activity of synthesized graphene oxide/chitosan (GO/CS) nanocomposite with Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. R. officinalis essential oil was extracted and its chemical compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The GO/CS nanocomposite was synthesized. The size and structure of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated by EDS, XRD, FE-SEM, and FTIR analysis. Antibacterial activity of chitosan, graphene oxide, GO/CS nanocomposite and R. officinalis essential oil was studied by broth microdilution method against 5 MDR isolates of A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The antimicrobial interaction of the essential oil and GO/CS composite was studied by checkerboard titration method. The results showed that chitosan, graphene oxide and GO/CS had no antimicrobial activity in the studied concentrations. The MIC of R. officinalis essential oil was obtained between 0.12-256 μl/ml. R. officinalis essential oil in combination with GO/CS nanocomposite had a synergistic effect against 5 isolates of P. aeruginosa and 2 isolates of A. baumannii, and caused an additive effect against two isolates of E. coli. Based on the findings of this study, this combination can be effective against some MDR isolates and could be used to treat infections caused by these isolates.

Introduction:

Designation of the local profile of Clarithromycin resistant (CAM-R) in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) positive patients with phenotypic testes consequently evaluation of probable agreement between resistance phenotypes to genotypes is the necessity of accessing rapid molecular noninvasive tests. So, we designed ASP-PCR and PCR-sequencing methods to evaluate infB (G160A), 23S rRNA (A2142C/G, A2143C/G), and rpl22 (GTG deletion or TTCCATGTA insertion) nucleotide polymorphisms from the stool of patients with symptoms of gastritis. Urea tubes were used to transport 96 gastric biopsies to the laboratory.

The Agar dilution method was performed to assess CAM-R strains. Besides the phenotypical identification, stool samples were collected and stored at -80° C. Molecular identity w:as char:acterized by amplification of the 23S rRNA target gene. In the evaluation of non-invasive genotypical molecular tests in the detection of corresponding mutations, ASP-PCR was performed to isolate infB G160G wild-type strains and PCR-sequencing in determining 23S rRNA and rpl22 polymorphisms.

Molecular isolation of H. pylori positive-patients was reported to be 34/54(62%). Among 35/96 (36%) phenotypically characterized H. pylori-positive infected patients,16/35(45%) were considered for CAM-R strains. The distribution of point mutations between resistant isolates has been revealed to be (1/16) for A2143C, (4/16) for infB G160A (PCR negative patients), (2/16) rpl22 for 3bp deletion, and (16/16) for rpl22 9bp insertion.

Conclusion:

 We are honored to introduce rpl22-related point mutations as the potential marker in designing a noninvasive molecular method in Clarithromycin-resistant infected patients screening.

More than 30% of adults suffer from sleep deprivation (SD). SD has adverse effects on cognitive functions such as attention. In psychology, attention is defined as the concentration of awareness on some events to exclude other stimuli. It has a very important role in regulating the human behavior. Although several studies have investigated the alteration in activity of different attention supporting brain regions following SD, however, these effects are not still fully addressed. Considering the significance of attention in learning and directing the human behavior and regarding the high prevalence of SD, here we review the consequences of acute SD on activity and connectivity of different regions involved in the attention processing by focusing on neuroimaging studies.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) because of its ability to be reprogrammed into embryonic-like stem cells (ELSCs) can be a new source of pluripotent stem cells which can play a promising role in regenerative medicine. In this study, SSCs were transdifferentiated into neuron-like cells (NLCs) using two-step differentiation protocol. pluripotency and germ cells markers were analyzed in SSCs and ELSCs. Also neural markers were analyzed in ELSCs and NLCs.

Neonatal rat testes were mechanically dissected and digested then was cultured in DMEM supplemented with 15% FBS. The medium was replaced with DMEM containing LIF, mercaptoethanol, EGF, bFGF, and GDNF. After 5 weeks, ELSCs colonies appeared. SSCs and ELSCs were evaluated by Stra8, plzf (germ cells markers) Oct4, and sox2 (pluripotency markers) using qRT-PCR. The ELSCs colonies were isolated and cultured in DMEM containing 0.5 mM lithium chloride. In day 5, ELSCs transdifferentiated to NLC. They were evaluated using neural marker including Neurofilament 200 (NF-200), choline acetyltransferase (CAT), synaptophysin (Syp), Nestin (Nes), Neurogenin1 (NG1), Neurod1 (Nd1), and Neurofilament 68 (NF-68)gene expression.

Result showed increasing expression of Oct4 and sox2 genes and low level of Stra8 and plzf expression in ELSCs than SSCs. After neural transdifferentiation by lithium chloride induction, neural markers were examined by RT-PCR in ELSCs and NLCs. The result showed expression of NF-200, CAT, Syp, Nes, NG1, Nd1 and NF-68 in NLCs opposed to ELSCs.

This study indicates lithium chloride can promote ELSCs to transdifferentiate into NLCs.