نشریه سیاست های راهبردی و کلان
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1400)

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the political independence of the country under the leadership of Imam Khomeini, the performance of the new political elites found a fundamental difference with the policies of the Pahlavi regime .More than four decades after the revolution and the implementation of six development programs in the country and the formation of economic and political challenges, such as inflation, unemployment, increasing liquidity, financial crisis of pension funds, budget deficit, corruption, elite political conflicts and international sanctions, the Regulatory Quality has been in the spotlight of experts. Therefore, according to the general policies of the system, the main question in this study is that what effect does government policy on the quality of governance in the Iran?In this study, using the theory of the New Patrimonial State of "Francis Fukuyama", the performance of governance in Iran has been studied. Findings show that the Iranian government, relying on special policy-making, is considered as the most important institutional factor in reducing the Regulatory Quality in Iran. This article explains the quality of governance in Iran through a qualitative method and by examining documents.

Currently, one of the most important aspects of organizational capital and productive management is benefiting from the human resources. As the environmental issues emerge, organizations need to think of the related measures in relation to sustainable development to activate the green human resource management. Therefore, considering the general policies of administrative system, organizations have to follow up a general approach with respect to human resource management and environment management. In this regard, green human resource management is one of the key aspects of sustainable development and green management. The aim of this research is to identify the main issues of green human resource management and its consequences in organizations. The research method was qualitative, focusing on the previous studies and conducting interview with experts, managers, deputies, and staffs of academic centers in different parts of Tehran, as well as the environment organization and their human resource advisors who were active in green issues. A purposeful sampling was also employed, which handed in 19 participants. The findings revealed the main aspects and consequences of green human resource management.

The aim of the current research is to identify and analyze the effective factors of developing the E-government considering the general policies of administrative system in tax affairs organizations of Tehran. The objectives are practical, employing the mixed method. The population of the study was 15 experts in the qualitative phase of the study, and in the quantitative phase, 1097 staff members of the tax affairs organizations in Tehran, from which 285 were selected. The sampling, in the qualitative phased, was done purposefully through snow-ball sampling, and in the quantitative phase, it was done through clustering and random sampling. To analyze the data qualitatively, Kendal agreement was used, and in the quantities phase, confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical analysis were employed. The suggested model included six factors and 19 elements. The required data was extracted through a questionnaire consisting 54 items, which were analyzed through SPSS, PLS, and Expert Choice software. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested three elements for the human, technological, economic-financial, sociocultural, and organizational-managerial capitals, and four elements for political-regulatory aspects. Considering the effect size and t-test, six elements were identified to have a significant impact on the development of E-government. Also, the findings indicated that the technological element attracted 0.263 weighted index, which was the first and most effective factor of developing E-government. This was followed by human, sociocultural, political-regulatory, organizational-managerial, and economic-financial capitals.

The aim of this research is to suggest a planning model for human resources considering the foresight approach in the general energy policies. Grounded theory was employed in the qualitative data analysis and, the equation structure modelling was used in the quantitative analysis. The population in the qualitative phase was 15 experts and managers of human resources in the national oil industry of Iran. So far as the qualitative phase is concerned, the data was extracted through the semi-structured interview, and through questionnaire in the quantitative phase. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire was checked out via Cronbach alpha. The findings suggested six elements: causative, phenomenological, strategic, contextual, interventional, and consequential. The impact of causative conditions on the phenomenological one was 0.753 which showed a significant relationship. The interventional element was calculated to have 0.497, and contextual 0.426 significant effect on the strategic element. However, the strategic element had 0.842 level of positive significant impact on the consequential element, while the -0.056 impact of the phenomenological element on the strategic element meant to be non-significant. The human resource planning in oil industry requires the culture of foresight approach. Therefore, one can employ future studies as a significant source for a sound future.

Budget deficit is the difference between the executive budget deficit and the extra balance capital. In most part of the years from 1980 to 2021, Iran was facing budget deficit. The aim of this research was to find out the effective factors of reducing budget deficit considering the conditions and problems of the country in the post 2011 era. In this decade, due to the complexity of the domestic and international issues, budget deficit increased more than expected, so far as generating money resulted in a heavy inflation. This study employed a survey method, bearing a practical aim, and using quantitative data. To analyze data, SPSS was used as the main software, and Lizrel was employed as a side software to the exploratory factor analysis. The population was 240 staff members of the management and planning organizations of different provinces, professors and teachers from different disciplines such as economics, financial management, and accounting from Payam Nour university. Also, executive managers from the related organizations were selected through Cokrain formula, which resulted in 148 participants. In this research, 30 effective factors of reducing budget deficit were identified, which were considered by Caser index. Accordingly, four elements (political and international relations, macro-economic, budget structure, and security) valued significantly above 1. Considering the statistical indexes and factor analysis, these four elements showed 89.927% of the whole variance. The findings indicated that the political and international relations element had 4.765 value of impact, macro-economic element had 3.205 value of impact, budget structure 1.942 value of impact, and security element had 1.861 value of impact, which were respectively the most important aspects of reducing budget deficit.

The general policies of the resistance economy aim to support development, dynamicity, and improvement of resistance economy indexes in order to achieve the 20-year development plan. This is issued through a flexible, opportunistic, and generative approach. The instability of economy can have irreparable consequences, resulting in instable periods in the macro-economy and banking system of the country. This manifests itself through increasing inflation, high bank interest rate, increased inter-banking loan interest, among others. It is evident that the developed and developing economies consider prudential macro-policies. Financial regulations in banks could be studied at three levels: 1. Regulatory rules concerning the establishment and activities in a country, 2. Regulations enacted by the administrative cabinet, 3. Prudential level which investigates the legality of development banks. Considering the different roles, aims, and performances of the development banks from commercial ones, one can suggest that one of the main necessities of these types of banks is to analyze the regulatory rules controlling them. Therefore, this study employs a descriptive-practical method to answer the following two questions: 1. From a theoretical perspective, should development banks be controlled through prudential regulations? Does Bazel agreement provide a proper framework for the development banks? If so, what are their challenges? The findings indicated that rather than enforcing prudential regulations, the development banks need to be controlled by the supervisor of the sector in order to achieve their aims. So far as the second question is concerned, after analyzing three Bazel agreements, it was found that the second agreement was more flexible, welcomed by most of the development banks around the world. The results concerning the third Bazel agreement showed that some of the requirements are not problematic for the development banks, such as cash risk treatment; however, some others are concerning.

The current research aims to suggest an open data governance model to improve the administrative health with the establishment of E-government in the tax affairs organization. The objectives are practical using grounded theory for the qualitative analysis. The data were collected through the semi-structured interview. The population of the research was all the high level managers of the tax affairs organization, CEOs and their deputies, tax advisors, professors of economics department, experts and researchers of the information technology, elites in the field of governance and administrative health, and other managers of supervision centers. The sampling was done to reach thick-data for the qualitative analysis, resulting in 12 participants. The data analysis was coded through open, thematic, and selective coding systems. The findings indicated six elements from the grounded theory: 1. Main elements such as shared data-base, responding system, organizational clarity, and technical infrastructures, 2. Interventional condition such as shared elements (domestic and foreign), domestic elements, and foreign elements, 3. Causative elements such as shared elements (indo- and exo-organizational), individual elements, and social elements, 4. Contexts such as indo- and exo-organizational contexts, 5. Strategies such as shared strategies (indo- and exo-organizational), indo-organization elements, and exo-organizational elements, 6. Shared consequences such as shared consequences (indo- and exo-organizational), indo-organizational consequences, and exo-organizational consequences.

Governments commonly use economic sanctions to influence or weaken other countries’ policies. The United States employs the hegemony of dollar, as an international currency, and the international payment system, SWIFT, to follow its strategic aims of defensive economy and economic war. One of the most powerful economic tools is to cut a country’s access to SWIFT. America has turned SWIFT as an economic tool against other countries. Accordingly, this study seeks to find out what measures have been taken by the international governments, in particular Iran, to combat against the unilateral sanctions enforced by America. To answer the question, a descriptive-analytical method was used to investigate the performance of the international governments affected by sanctions, cryptocurrency, and alternative payment systems. The findings showed that America’s misuse of the financial international tools has resulted in de-dollarization, and creativity in employing alternative payment systems, which by its own account has resulted in regional monetary systems.