نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال نوزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 40، تابستان 1401)

The concept of sexuality plays an important role in the formation of values ​​of the modern world and current Iran. Despite the importance and changes in sexuality, little attention has been paid to this theoretical field. This study is a narrative review of the most important theoretical approaches to sexuality and its essence. The method used in this article is narrative review and has been done in six states; Identifying credible sources, categorizing sexuality theories, selecting and introducing the most cited theories, identifying commonalities and differentiating of theories, synthesis theories based on their commonalities and logical compatibility, and evaluating theories. After investigating the literature, the researchers found that Michel Foucault (1929-1984) is the most important and influential theorist in sexuality. Generally, theoretical approaches to sexuality included “Gay Liberation Theories”, Theories of “Sexuality Constructionism”, “Queer Theories”, and “Transgender Theories”. Regarding the mentioned theoretical approaches, sexuality is defined as a set of values, rules, and social beliefs about sex. Sexuality is social construction, or inherent sexual orientation of individuals. Furthermore, capitalist economic system and its developmental plans have shaped Western sexuality. The sexuality in the modern times resulted in the reproduction control, family-system control and the definition of distinct sexual identities. These consequences, on the one hand, leads to sexual repression and on the other, makes sex the nodal point of modern discourses. After evaluating theories of sexuality, it is understood that the theories proposed after Foucault are an extension of his concepts. These theories have been formed in response to marginal sex/gender groups and issues.

Alienation is an important social issues in classical sociology (Durkheim, Max Weber, Marx, Simmel) and the result of disordered and anomic division of work-occupation. Job alienation is the result of organizational-institutional conditions and one of the main obstacles to organizational development and social entrepreneurship. Job alienation means emotional heartbreak, organizational social distance, organizational indifference, job-role conflict, and a decrease in individual’s organizational interest in job division in the organization. This issue causes a decrease in job performance and efficiency, organizational commitment, social indifference, social isolation and decrease in social capital (trust, cohesion, participation). The main goal of this research was to study the causes and effective factors of job alienation (meta-analysis of researches). Quantitative meta-analysis (survey) was used and a non-probability sampling method in the time period of 2004-2021. From the statistical population of 45 documents published on Noormagzs, Magiran, Elmnet and Jihad University database, 37 survey documents (following the inclusion and exclusion criteria) were selected. The results show that there is a significant relationship between contextual factors (level of education = 0.354, income = 0.266, socio-economic base = 0.357, increased service history = 0.339 and age = 0.161), social issues (social trust = 0.292, social participation = 0.181, social support = 0.345, social cohesion = 0.280, organizational justice = 0.269, transformational leadership = 0.385, organizational belonging = 0.429 and organizational culture = 0.335), Job (job security = 0.277, job satisfaction = 0.380, job promotion = 0.251, job stress = 0.217), and cultural factors (increasing awareness and scientific knowledge = 0.273, religious beliefs = 0.352, Islamic work ethics = 0.183) and job alienation. Acoordingly, by strengthening social capital and religious beliefs, creating a favorable business environment, reducing social-cultural disorganization platforms, and creating a stimulating work-organizational environment can reduce the severity of job alienation.

Nowadays, environmental issues are considered a general and global challenge. Human environmental behavior as one of most important factors influencing the environment has attracted the attention of many philosophers, researchers, and environmentalists. Furthermore, sociologists believe that analysis of environmental issues require sociological studies and social solutions. This quantitative study was done to explain the environmental behaviors of young individuals of Tehran. The method used in this research is survey and questionnaire was used as the tool to collect data. Statistical population includes young individuals of Tehran in the range of 18-35 years old among which 453 people, from different districts of Tehran and considering the level of development of these districts, were selected.  Quota sampling method was used. Data analysis was done in descriptive and inferential levels. Descriptive findings of research indicated relatively desirable conditions of environmental behavior among the participants under study. Inferential findings indicate that independent variables of research (social class, cultural capital, level of religiosity, consumerism, and environmental awareness) totally (26 percent) have the ability to explain the variable variance of environmental behavior among participants. The effect of all independent variables except cultural capital on environmental destructive behavior is statistically significant. Moreover, the effect of social class and environmental awareness on environmental destructive behavior is inverse and the effect of consumerism and level of generosity variables on this variable is direct. Social class variable indirectly, and mediated by level of generosity variable, influences environmental destructive behavior inversely.

As the most prominent theorist of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Ali Shariati lived a life which involves many untold aspects to date. His life embraced a considerably vast pubic arena, as he intended. Shariati had an exile-like separation from Mashhad Faculty of Letters and Humanities; subsequently, he settled in Hosseinieh Ershad. These events have been important, yet vague incidents in his life according to his friends and rivals. Using the Grounded Theory and data collected from oral interviews and SAVAK documents, the present study attempts to consider the resulting sensitive keywords as ‘signs’. Next, these signs are used to achieve ‘categories’ and finally, offer a set of ‘classes’ regarding the life of Shariati during such an important stage of his life. This period of his life should be understood under four major classes which include: a) the paperwork regarding the end of Shariati’s presence in the faculty; b) the beginning of his connection to Hosseinieh Ershad; c) lecturing in Hosseinieh Ershad; and d) his retirement from the faculty and the closing of Hosseinieh Ershad.

Rumors spread in critical situations and cause trouble for the society. The Covid-19 pandemic, as a global crisis, also led to various rumors in Iran. This disease started in China in 2019 and spread all over the world in a short period of time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of rumors that have been published during the Covid-19 epidemic in Iran. The research method is qualitative content analysis. For this purpose, the rumors published in ISNA and IRNA from the beginning of the disease outbreak until the official announcement of its vaccine production and injection were identified. First, all the rumors were reviewed, and then the most relevant ones were selected and the content was analyzed using the MaxQda. The published rumors were identified in 9 main categories and 18 sub categories. Nine main groups of rumors were: rumors related to the virus, disease prevention, treatment and control of the disease, mortality rate and dead people, outbreaks and infections, close and reopening of various places, government actions, access to various goods and more rumors. Rumors were spread due to factors such as fear, pessimism, curiosity, wishful thinking, deception, and economy, which had many impacts on people and society. Rumor coping strategies were based on two strategies of denial and retrieval. Based on the general trend of the categories, it can be said that the rumors were not an unusual reaction of the society to the crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic. It was a natural reaction to a completely unknown and deadly disease that targeted the physical and mental health of the society.

Social issues have been increasingly complex and traditional methods unable to solve the issues. Designing a model for social entrepreneurship in NGOs is then a must. This study tried to design a model in charity centers of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation. Its statistical population of this applied research is consisted of university faculty members, managers and experts of the Relief Foundation, and activists of social entrepreneurship in Shiraz. Purposive sampling was used to select members of the sample, which continued to saturation and 18 people were selected. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Brown and Clark’s six-step method of theme analysis was used to analyze the data. Being run for three steps of coding, themes were presented. The results showed  that a model for social entrepreneurship in NGOs has 7 overarching themes and 17 organizing themes: flexible structure (pioneering and inclusive), entrepreneurial culture (trustworthy, responsible, and altruistic), social value creating (social empowerment and support), entrepreneurial strategies (cooperation and creation of resources), community-oriented leadership (creative, collaborative, efficient), social service oriented employees (extra-role, interacting and efficient) and creative processes (quick and networked). It is suggested therefore that NGOs, especially charity centers of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, use the proposed model of this research to respond better to social issues.

In recent years, Iran's agricultural sector has been exposed to various environmental crises and risks, which have had deep and irreparable impacts on the structure of villages. The role of social and cultural contexts in the emergence of these crises and risks cannot be ignored in the formation of attitudes, values ​​and behaviors that create these risks in the agricultural field. The purpose of this research was to analyze the ecological habitus of farmers in Azna city and to discover the reasons and contexts of its formation. This research was done using qualitative method and grounded theory. The research sampling was purposeful and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The number of participants was 33. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. The findings showed that the perceived structural pressures and the double passivity-inefficiency of the government as causal conditions, the equation of inheritance and division, which caused excessive fragmentation of agricultural lands as intervening conditions and the double-edged blade of mechanized cultivation as contextual conditions cause marginalization of ecological habitus. Facing these conditions, farmers choose products attractive in the market, excessive use of chemicals and not leaving the land fallow as a strategy, which results in the water resources crisis, soil erosion and migration. Interventions like legislations, education and paying attention to the traditional and indigenous knowledge of farmers can lead to the improvement of the ecological habitus of farmers and preserve the ecosystem.

The study aimed mainly to explore the factors impacting on the order in families based on social ethics. It as well tried to provide suitable suggestions, considering the current conditions of Iranian society and families. The qualitative study used a meta-synthesis method. First, using a meta-synthesis method, indicators were extracted from previous articles.  Out of the 280 articles obtained, 32 articles were used to investigate the effective factors in the order of the family based on social ethics. Then, through categorizing the indicators and running Shannon entropy, the plan was analyzed, the main indicators were identified, and the significance of all indicators was determined. MaxQDA was used for analyzing the data obtained in qualitative phase. Using meta-synthesis method, seven main categories and 56 subcategories (codes) were extracted from previous articles. The main categories are: respect and value, family vitality, family rules, livelihood provision, education, commitment, mutual trust and altruism. One can say that among the main positive and remarkable consequences of implementing social ethics in the order of families are such issues as not knowing helping the poor as a beg-cherishing act, knowing helping as duty, interest in charity, volunteering help in crises, and not ignoring the problems of other family members.

The main purpose of this study was preparing a tool for measuring leadership styles and estimate its validity and reliability for the use and access of researchers in humanities. To achieve this goal, a sample of 320 athletes and sports coaches from Azad universities in Bushehr province were randomly selected and completed the leadership styles form. The data were analyzed using SPSS21 and Amos21 software. Based on the obtained results, the second-order factor analysis method using the measurement model shows the five-component structure of the leadership styles scale in the studied sample. The results of factor analysis show that five main factors have value greater than one and explain a total of 40.14% of the variance of the scale scores. The results of the second-order confirmatory factor model for measuring leadership styles show that this concept consists of these aspects: education, authoritarian, democracy, and social feedback. The adaptive and parsimonious indices calculated to evaluate the generality of the factor model show that the comparative fit index CFI is 0.845, the parsimonious comparative fit index PCFI is 0.717, the root mean square residual index or RMSEA is 0.049, the chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom of CMIN/DF is 1.815, which shows the overall improvement of the model. In total, the collected data can support the model. This result is logical and correct based on the theoretical framework.