مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال پنجاه و سوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Swallow-wort (Cynanchum acutum L.) is a perennial and invasive weed that infested many sugarcane fields in Khuzestan. Field experiment was conducted to find out an efficient method for C. acutum control in sugarcane during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was split-split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were pre-emergence application of metribuzin, metazachlor + qinmerac, pendimethalin, indaziflam and acetochlor; Sub plots were one time hand hoeing (four weeks after pre-emergence application), two-times hand hoeing (four and eight weeks after pre-emergence application), and without hand hoeing and sub-sub plots were post emergence application of 2,4-D+MCPA, mixture of 2,4-D+MCPA and metribuzin, and bromoxynil + MCPA herbicides. Results showed that individual application of Pendimethalin, and indaziflam herbicides, two-times if hand hoeing, and then post emergence application of 2,4-D+MCPA and metribuzin as a had the highest efficiency with an average of 96% in reducing mass dry weight. The application of mentioned treatments increased cane yield 104.7 and 102.9 t/ha respectively compared to the control (without weeding, with 110 t. ha-1). However, the experimental treatments did not show a significant effect on quality traits of sugarcane.

Quinoa is a pseudo cereal from Amaranthaceae family, which is currently considered as a suitable alternative for plants with high water consumption due to its high nutritional value and stresses tolerance, especially drought and salinity. Meanwhile, reduction in crop yield caused by weeds competing for water, light and nutrients is well known. Hence, a study was conducted in Karaj to investigate the competitive capacity of quinoa with weeds under normal irrigation and drought stress and also to determine the required time for weed control. The experiment was arranged in split plot randomized complete block design with four replications consisted of irrigation levels (60, 80 and 100 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan) as main plots and weed control levels (0, 7, 14, 28 days of control and control in all seasons) as subplots. The highest quinoa grain (331 g/m2) and biological yields (1262 g/m2) were obtained under normal irrigation in weeds free treatment. Also, the lowest grain and biological yields were 139 and 723 g/m2, respectively that obtained under high drought stress in weeds infestation during growing season. In one month weeds free treatment under medium drought stress, grain and biological yields were 290 and 1010.25 g/m2, which show that despite the competitive potency of summer weeds, quinoa has good competitiveness in drought stress, and with one month of weed control, can achieve performance close to full control. In logistic model fitting to the grain yield, the maximum and minimum values of y0 and a, i.e. upper and lower limits, were observed in normal irrigation and high drought stress, respectively; although, the maximum and minimum values of GDD50 were obtained in high drought stress and normal irrigation, respectively.

Bilateral diallel crosses of eight rapeseed genotypes were used to graphically analyze and estimate of genetic parameters for agronomic and physiological characteristics. F1 along with their parents (64 genetypes) were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Gorgan Agriculture Research Station, in 2019-2020. The results of analysis of variance showed that a and b components were significant for all traits. The results of the Jinks-Hayman test indicated that hypothesis of the genetic analysis were satisfied for pod length, number of pod per lateral branches, number of pods per plant and 1000-grain weight traits. Analysis revealed significant values for D and H1 estimation for all traits, which indicated the existence of both additive and non-additive effects on genetic control of these traits. While the proportion of non-additive variance was higher than the additive effects for all traits, which was in agreement with high mean levels of the degree of dominance. The positive and significant sign of F confirmed that there are much more dominant alleles than recessive alleles in parents, regardless of whether they have a negative or positive effect. Based on Hayman graphical analysis, 1000-grain weight was influenced by the dominance of genes. Narrow-sense inheritance levels were low for all traits, which could indicate a greater impact of environmental and non-additive effects on their genetic control. The results showed that selection-based methods were not very effective in canola yield improving and production of hybrids and exploiting the effects of gene dominance is necessary.

Due to the possibility of environmental factors controll, studying the physiological effects of salinity under in vitro conditions can be a good solution for salinity tolerant cultivars selection. This experiment was conducted as factorial based on complete randomized design with four replications. Factors included sodium chloride concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g.l-1) and three potato cultivars (Agria, Fontane and Sante). Results showed that the response of the studied cultivars to different salinity levels was different. In general, salinity stress reduced seedling, stem and root dry weights, stem length, number of nodes and photosynthetic pigments. Leaf area and stem diameter showed different responses to different levels of stress. In response to the salt concentration increase, Sodium and potassium concentrations increased in the stem  but the same was not happened in leaves. Among the studied cultivars and despite having the highest level of sodium in stems and leaves under stress conditions, Sante and Agria, tolerated higher salinity than Fontane. It seems that the ability to absorb salt and transfer it to the plant can play an important role in salinity tolerance under in vitro conditions.

The aim of this research was to study the amount of dry matter accumulation and remobilization in different stem internodes and their effects on linear rate of grain growth in wheat cultivars. 18 wheat cultivars were grown at the research farm of Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources under well-watered conditions during 2014-2015 growing season. Averaged among cultivars, maximum weight of the lower internodes (778 mg) was higher than those of penultimate (462 mg) and peduncle (423 mg). The same trend was observed in the case of dry matter remobilization from the internodes where mean remobilization from the lower internodes, penultimate, and peduncle were 360, 201, and 137 mg, respectively. Among tested cultivars, Alvand and Niknejhad showed higher potential of dry matter accumulation and remobilization in their internodes. Linear rate of grain growth ranged from 44 (Sardari) to 130 (Crossed Alborz) mg spike-1 day-1. Clear corelation were not found between stem grain yield and 100-grain weight with remobilization; however positive correlation was observed between linear rate of grain growth and remobilization, showing the importance of stem dry matter remobilization in wheat grain formation.

Studying the reaction of the different genotypes under different environmental conditions helps breeders to detect stable and high-yielding genotypes. In this regard, 11 new sunflower hybrids along with four cultivars (Golsa, Ghasem, Shams, and Farrokh) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in four experimental field stations (Karaj, Sari, Kermanshah, and Dezful) during two cropping seasons. GGE biplot statistical method (genotype effect + genotype × environment interaction) was used to study the adaptation of genotypes in the studied environments. Results of combined analysis of variance indicated that the effects of environments, genotypes, and genotype × environment interaction were significant, suggesting that the genotypes responded differently in the studied environment conditions. Results of the GGE biplot method showed that the two first and second principal components of the GGE biplot explained 66.4% of the total seed yield variation. Based on the biplot polygon view, the hybrid RGK15×AGK1221 in Sari and Karaj locations and the hybrid RGK25×AGK330 and Shams cultivar in Dezful location were superior genotypes with the high specific adaptation. Besides, all environments had high discriminating ability so that could able to show differences between genotypes. Sari environment was the nearest environment to the ideal environment that had the highest discriminating ability and representativeness.

Due to arid and semi-arid climates, identification of tolerant genotypes to water deficit stress is of great importance in Iran. To select of tolerant genotypes, it is necessary to use important and practical indicators. In this regard, this study was conducted by studying the effect of water deficit stress on 27 sugar beet genotypes in split plots based on randomized complete blocks in three replications at the University of Tabriz in 2019. The main factor included two irrigation levels (optimal and water deficit), and the sub-factor included 27 sugar beet genotypes. In this experiment, sugar beet seeds were implanted in PVC tubes. Studied traits include transpirational cooling before and after irrigation, the relative water loss (RWL), relative water content (RWC), Root weight (RW), electrolyte leakage (EL), initial fluorescence (F0), maximum fluorescence (Fm), and quantum yield of photosystem II. Based on the analysis of variance, irrigation effect, genotype, and irrigation interaction × genotype were significant for all studied traits at the level of 1% probability. Also, the relative lost water, relative water content, maximum fluorescence, and quantum yield of photosystem II were significantly reduced due to water deficit stress. In terms of Transpirational cooling indices after irrigation, relative water content, Root weight, electrolyte leakage, initial fluorescence, and quantum yield of photosystem II, genotype of Full sib S1- 10- 8001 was identified as tolerant genotype.

In order to investigate the effect of different sources of fertilizer and patterns of mixed cultivation of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and annual medic (Medicago scutellata) on agromorphological characteristics and forage yield a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications .The first factor was different fertilizer sources (Chemical, Organic and Integrated (including; . Chemical fertilizer (urea + triple super phosphate) ,Vermicompost fertilizer and Combined fertilizer (50% chemical fertilizer + nitroxin biofertilizer + fertile phosphate 2) and the second factor was 5 levels of intercropping patterns including: pure cultivation of chicory, pure cultivation of annual medic, one row of chicory: one row of annual medic, One row of chicory: two rows of annual medic and two rows of chicory: one row of annual medic. Studied traits for chicory and medic were including: plant height, number of sub-branches, number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll index, leaf area index, dried forage yield and advantageous indices in intercropping including land equivalent ratio (LER), actual yield loss (AYL) and intercropping advantage (IA). The maximum dried yield of chicory and annual medic (4 and 4.6 ton.ha-1 ,respecyively) obtained in pure cultivation and chemical fertilizer source, which was not significantly different from pure cultivation and vermicompost and integrated fertilizer sources. Considering the total yield of two crops, and land equivalency ratio higher than one, the mixed ratios of chicory-medic with vermicompost and combined fertilizer sources were beneficial compared to sole cropping of each crops.

Fertilizer management is one of the most important managements to improve production and also to minimize its harmful effects on the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of optimal and conventional application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on the yield of low-yielding (Deylamani and Hashemi) and high-yielding (Fajr and Shirodi) rice varieties. The experiment was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design three replications at a research farms of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2019. In the absence of any of N, K and P fertilizers, yield of Shiroodi cultivar was 5458, 8399 and 9926 kg ha-1, respectively, and yield of Fajr cultivar was 4894, 7364 and 8903 kg ha-1, respectively. In low-yield cultivars, in the absence of any of N, K and P fertilizers, yield in Hashemi cultivar was 2969, 5134 and 4925 kg ha-1, respectively, and yield in Deylamani cultivar was 3028, 5408 and 5384 kg ha-1, respectively. Optimal application of N, P and K fertilizers caused a significant increase of 82, 65, 55 and 34% of yield in Shiroodi, Fajr, Hashemi Tarom and local Tarom cultivars, respectively, compared with the current application of these three nutrients. The results showed that a suboptimal application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is a main limiting factor for rice production, and improving the amount and split application of these fertilizers simultaneously can increase yield by 59% compared to their current application in the region.

In order to study of genetic diversity and classify barley cultivars under optimal and limited irrigation conditions an experiment was evaluated on 138 barley cultivars using alpha latis design with two replications at research field of Tehran University. Result of analysis of variance showed that there are highly significant differences among cultivars in studied traits which reveal high genetic variation among the cultivars. According to stepwise regression and path analysis, under optimal irrigation condition, seed number per plant and biological yield, and under limited irrigation condition biological yield and harvest index were the most important traits affecting grain yield. Factor analysis showed that in both optimal and limited irrigation conditions four factors were selected, which explained 80.33 and 79.93% of the changes, respectively. In both cases, the first factor was named as the performance factor explanation the most data changes. According to the biplot diagram, in optimal condition, cultivars 54, 57, 37, 103, 31, 30, 2 and 29 , and in limited irrigation, cultivars 130, 127, 124, 97, 122, 99, 29 and 55 which were at a high level in terms of the first and second factors, were selected as superior cultivars. Cluster analysis in n under optimal and limited irrigation conditions grouped cultivars into four and five clusters respectively. Which the results of cluster analysis confirmed grouping cultivars based on biplot diagram.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial base on completely randomized design with three replications under controlled conditions at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2018. 20 lentil genotypes, three freezing temperatures (0, -18 and -20°C) and six time point (before stress, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after stress) were investigated. Decrease the temperature from 0 to -18 and -20°C reduced the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry in the light (F'v/F'm). The lowest values of F'v/F'm were observed at -18 and -20°C, 12 and 24 hours after stress, respectively. Then F′v/F′m gradually increased over time. However, at -20°C, the F′v/F′m did not reach the initial value before stress. PSII operating efficiency in the light adapted leaf (F′q/F′m) was reduced by decreased temperature in all genotypes and all time point. Despite the initial decrease in F′q/F′m, most of the studied genotypes, had a good ability to recover at temperatures of 0 and -18°C. The results of cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the second component include survival percentage, dry weight, F'v, F′q/F′m and F′v/F′m explains 20.76%. Most genotypes belonging to the second group including MLC11, MLC286, MLC407 and MLC469 are in this component. Due to the 100% survival of these genotypes at -18°C and their suitable potential for recovery of chlorophyll fluorescence components and regrowth, their use is recommended for additional studies for autumn cultivation in cold regions.

In order to select genotypes with high and stable yield, recent research was conducted as uniform regional trials including 16 selected lentil genotypes in four regions of Gachsaran, Khorramabad, Moghan and Ilam, during two cropping years. Genotypes stability was assessed through using parametric and non-parametric statistics. Stable genotypes based on CVi had lower than average yields. Regarding regression coffecicient and deviation from regression, in total, genotype 10 was determined as the most stable genotype by considering yield. Rick equivalence and chokella variance statistics identified genotypes 12, 1, and 10 as stable genotypes. based on Hanson (Di) statistic, genotypes 12, 13 (low yield average) and 9, 10 (high yield average) were more stable and based on coefficient of determination, G9, G12 and G10 were more stable genotypes. Based on Kang index (YSi), genotypes 9, 10, and 2 were identified as stable genotypes. Regarding the results of nonparametric statistics of Nasar and Hyun (Si 1,2,3,6) and Tanarazo (NPi 1,2,3,4), more stable genotypes had lower yield than average. According to TOP statistic, genotypes 9, 11, and 5 were ranked in the top. The SIIG index also identified genotypes 4, 3, 13 and 10 as the most stable genotypes, of which only genotype 10 had higher than average performance.

In order to evaluate the effect of planting date and different amounts of manure, chemical fertilizer and their combination on some agromorphological and essence characteristics of Moldavian Balm. A split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Shahrekord University in 2018. In this experiment, the main factor was 3 levels of planting dates: 20 April, 12 May and 3 June, while 6 levels of manure application: 1) no amended fertilizer (Control) 2) 25% urea + 75% manure 3) 50% urea + 50% manure 4) 75% urea + 25% manure 5) 100% urea and 6) 100% manure, were used as subplot factors. The results showed that planting date, fertilizer and the interaction of planting date and fertilizer had a significant effect on all the characteristics studied at this experiment. So that, the maximum number of flowering branches and biological yield were derived from 3 June + 100% manure and 3 June + 50% urea + 50% manure, the maximum essential oil from 20 April and 3 June + 100% manure and the maximum essential oil yield from planting date of 3 June and 100% manure were obtained.

Due to the importance of chickpeas in human nutrition, this experiment was conducted as split-plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications in 2018 at the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Treatments were combination of seed priming, fertilizer levels and chickpea genotypes. Fertilizers levels included: 1-seed priming + free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria(P+BF) 2-Application of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria(BF) 3-Pre-planting application of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria+foliar application of amino acids, potassium and silisium during growth period(BF+F) 4-Seed priming+pre-planting application of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria + foliar application of amino acids, potassium and silicium during growth period (P+BF+F) 5-Control (non- fertilized). Fertilizers were considered as main plots and chickpea genotypes (MCC911, MCC603, MCC291, MCC259 and MCC83) as sub-plots. Results indicated that MCC291 in P+BF+F and MCC83 in BF+F had the highest concentration of Chlorophyll a. The highest plant height was found in MCC259 and MCC911 in BF and MCC83 in P+BF+F. MC259 and MCC911 in F showed the highest height of the first pod. The highest number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight were recorded in MCC83 in P+BF+F. The highest seed yield (233, 212 and 206 g.m-2) was found in MCC259 in P+BF and P+BF+F and MCC911 in BF+F, respectively. Therefore, according to the obtained yields it could be concluded that the biological fertilizers combination treatments improved plant growth and consequently chickpea yield in Mashhad area.

Glycine max is one of the important oilseed plants in all of the world. One of the problems of G. max production is seed deterioration and low germination and vigor during seed storage and before planting time. To investigate the effects of deterioration on seed and the effects of salicylic acid and ethylene on the improvement of the deteriorated seed of G. max were conducted accelerated aging test for 0, 6 and 10 days and a natural aging test for 6 months. After aging conditions, seeds were imbibed with 50 M salicylic acid and 10 M ACC (precursor of ethylene) for 6 hours at 25 °C. Also, a bach of seed after the natural and accelerated aging test was used without any hormonal treatment as a control seed (called dry seed). Germination percentage, the enzyme activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total protein, and malondialdehyde were measured. Gene expression of CTR1 and NPR1 were investigated on dry seed and under imbibitions of water, salicylic acid and ACC at 6, 12 hours with the Q-RT-PCR method. Seed germination decreased. Amount malondialdehyde increased and total protein decreased. Enzyme activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased. and electrical conductivity increased with the progress of aging. Gene expression varied on different days and different hours. Salicylic acid and ACC had different effects on measured traits. All together aging caused disturbing of seed physiology and salicylic acid and ACC were not able to improve deteriorated soybean seed.

To investigate the effects of plant density on yield and yield components of two cultivars of grain sorghum, an experiment was conducted in 2009 in the northwest of Karaj. In this experiment, two cultivars (‘Payam’ and ‘Kimia’) and four density levels (100, 150, 200, and 250 thousand plants per hectare) were evaluated in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results of the mean comparison showed that the highest biological yield, grain and protein yield per unit area, protein percentage, grain yield per plant, and a number of grains per panicle were observed in the Kimia cultivar and the highest grain weight has belonged to the Payam cultivar. Increased density led to increased grain yield, protein yield, biological yield, and a number of panicles per square meter; Thus, the highest grain and protein yields were obtained with an average of 7924.01 and 913.17 kg/ha at a planting density of 250,000 plants per hectare, respectively. Increasing the density reduced the number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight, but did not affect protein percentage. Based on the results of our experiment, to achieve maximum grain yield and grain protein, Kimia and Payam cultivars with a density of 250,000 plants per hectare are recommended.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important silage plants in the world because of its high yield, high energy and quality forage and low fibr. Due to the severe water shortage in Iran and the high water demand of corn crop, the only way to increase corn production is to increase the yield per unit area and reduce the yield gap by optimizing production management. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate the potential yield and yield gap in the main forage maize production areas in Iran. For this purpose GYGA protocol method was used. Yield potential based on the data from a 15-year period (2001-2015) was calculated using the SSM-iCrop simulation model. Before use, parameterization and evaluation of the simulation model for the studied plant were performed using data from all over the country. In the major maize production regions of Iran, 27 reference weather stations (RWS) and 11 main climatic zones (CZ) were selected. The average Ya and Yp of maize in Iran was estimated at 49.3 and 85.6 ton ha-1, respectively. Furthermore, in the major climatic zones was 9.9 ton ha-1 yield gap in the country. In fact, forage yield and production in Iran can be increased from current 49 ton ha-1 and 11.2 million ton to 68 ton ha-1 and 15.6 million ton through optimized management and elimination of exploitable yield gap.

this study was to determine the influence of cytokinin on the improvement allocation, photoassimilate partitioning and possibility to increase oil percentage of safflower by the application of cytokinin, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, the University of Zanjan, during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons. In this experiment, irrigation levels included optimal irrigation (-0.5MPa) and drought stress (-2 Mpa) to main plots and safflower cultivars including Sina, Faraman, Parnyan, Gholdasht and Mahaly Esfahan, and three levels of cytokinin, including of no-application , 50 and 75 μM were allocated to subplots as factorial. At the flowering stage, simultaneously with drought stress safflower plants were sprayed with cytokinin.The results showed that drought stress increased the allocation ،transfer efficiency of stem reserves to grain, decrease grain yield and oil percentage. Under drought stress conditions Mahally Esfahan cultivar had the highest oil percentage with an average of 35.42% and an increase in transfer efficiency of stem reserves to grain 52.7 percent. The application of cytokinin minimized the negative effects of drought stress and improvement in the above traits. The highest oil percentage was obtained by application of 75 μM of cytokinin with an increase of 10% oil percentage compared to the control. Therefore, the application of 75 μM BAP can be suggested as a solution to reduce the negative effects of drought stress, increase photoassimilate partitioning and safflower seed under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions.