Archives Of Occupational Health
Volume:6 Issue: 4, Dec 2022

Since the beginning of human creation, safety barriers have been used to protect people and property from enemies and natural hazards. One of these risks is the emerging and highly contagious disease of Covid-19. This pandemic has left very deep and severe consequences and effects in various fields such as economic, medical, social, cultural, sports, educational, military, and security all over the world, including in Iran, So, the health of human society has faced a big challenge.  The general public and workers are always at risk of being exposed to this virus and getting infected. Awareness of risk is the best way to prevent and slow down the transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be achieved through risk assessment, and effective risk communication is an important measure to control this disease. Various organizations such as OSHA and WHO have given recommendations to employers to prevent the spread of the coronavirus in different workplaces, which can be in the form of preventive and control strategies.  Hollnagel describes two main functions for safety barriers: prevention and protection. Barriers are placed before the start of a specific event as a means of prevention. As a result of the intervention of this type of barrier, it is assumed that the accident (corona pandemic) will not happen, or it will slow down its progress on the way to becoming an accident (pandemic). Barriers considered after the occurrence of a specific initial event are used as a means to protect people and systems from the consequences of a pandemic [1]. One of the most famous models for risk assessment in industrial health and safety is the bowtie model and layer of protection analysis (LOPA). In the bow tie model, the left cone represents the possible causes and events leading to the disease and introduces the preventive layers that the system has prepared to deal with the pandemic. The cone on the right side also has the role of reducing the consequences, which according to various studies, in this editorial, we are going to express preventive and mitigation approaches in industries. People in industries have different responsibilities that may be exposed to this virus according to the type of job, relevant organization, and population density. In general, the applicability and simplicity of implementing individual and management controls are much higher. The layers are constantly evaluating the effectiveness of their actions in a dynamic system and will make new decisions according to the conditions, which is by the Deming cycle in management systems.  Therefore, it can be said that the Covid-19 pandemic is a problem with a medical shell and a systemic core; so, leaving the solution of the problem to the responsibility of the healthcare system alone does not solve the problem. On the other hand, using different specialties with a systemic approach can create a stronger barrier against the spread of this disease and its resulting damages [2].  Fig 1. Covid-19 bow-tie model in workplaces According to Figure 1, preventive measures for corona disease include engineering, management, personal and health measures, and vaccination. Reactive measures against the corona pandemic also include having an emergency response plan (ERP), remote working, resting at home in case of symptoms of coronavirus infection, using video conferences to hold meetings, canceling unnecessary meetings, that management participation can be considered the main factor in preventing the coronavirus. Individual and managerial actions are important indicators in both proactive-reactive layers. The application of engineering measures, especially the use of artificial intelligence and information technology, can increase the chance of identifying the behavior pattern of people and the virus by analyzing big data. Designing a ventilation system with certain average ventilation is one of the basic measures of engineering in controlling pandemics. Using facial recognition instead of fingerprints in industries can also reduce the level of contact with contaminated surfaces. Providing continuous training, developing guidelines, and considering the appropriate budget to deal with Corona are also management measures in the field of preventing this pandemic.  The classification of personal and health measures plays an effective role in the prevention of covid disease, which should be considered in industries. These include personal protective equipment, use of hand washing soap and disinfectants, maintaining proper physical distance, not using shared tools and equipment, and screening people by various thermometers and laboratory tests (Rapid Test-PCR).   Vaccination is also a very important and valuable measure that can be used to prevent infectious diseases at a low cost. The side effects of corona vaccine are negligible compared to the benefits of using it. The side effects of corona vaccine may lead people's minds to unfortunate events, while these side effects generally include: headache, lethargy, body pain, bruised feeling in some places, etc., and will last between 1 and 2 days. But the important point is that the injection of corona vaccine will ensure that people will never get severe corona as long as their body is vaccinated. In addition, the injection of the vaccine will prevent people from dying due to the coronavirus.

Blowout is one of the most significant accidents in the drilling industry. Because of a shared field with a neighboring country and is located on Hur al-Azim wetland, Yaran Oil Field in the west of Ahwaz city needs special attention in terms of blowout control.

Four main events including kick prevention, kick detection, failure in the blowout preventer, and blowout occurrence have been identified by expert interviews and field studies as top events. Each top event by fault tree method was analyzed and its intermediate and basic causes were identified. The oil field includes 20 wells and one well was selected for the study. In this study, the fuzzy fault tree analysis method was used to assess the failure rate of events leading to a blowout.

 Based on the obtained results, the failure rate in kick prevention has been estimated to be 0.2863, the failure rate in kick detection 0.3878, the failure rate of blowout preventer 0.08443, the failure rate of a blowout from the first path 0.011, and the failure rate of a blowout from the second paths has been estimated to be 0.0286. In the event of kick prevention, hydrostatic pressure reduction with a failure rate of 0.227, in the event of kick detection, the failure rate of change in mud volume and change in current volume were 0.1462 and 0.133 respectively.

The results have been used to better understand the blowout and prevention actions and prevent losses due to the blowout.

In today's academic society, the need for new educational methods and their application in teaching and learning seems highly necessary. The present study aims to design, produce, and evaluate the model of earth well with the Kirkpatrick model.

The studied population included 22 occupational health engineering students who had completed an electrical safety course the previous year. The present study was carried out in four phases of design, production, implementation, and evaluation of the educational program. The assessment was based on Kirkpatrick's model in four basic stages: reaction, learning, transfer (behavior), and results. Learning evaluation was done before and after the test using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and paired t-tests in SPSS.

The results demonstrated that people's satisfaction in achieving educational goals, attracting attention, and creating motivation for better learning and internalizing knowledge had values ​​of 63.6%, 59%, and 54.5%, respectively, and provided a high (high) satisfaction. The mean and standard deviation of the scores obtained before and after were 3.77±0.57 and 4.47±0.62. Findings indicated a significant difference before and after practical training with the earth well model (P<0.001).

The design and production of the model have had a beneficial effect on the satisfaction, attitude, and behavior of the students. Therefore, it is recommended to pay more attention to the topics of new educational technologies in occupational health and safety, because these things facilitate students' learning and skills and make students' knowledge deeper.

Problems related to environmental damages and natural resources degradation are receiving increased attention from researchers throughout the world in recent years. This occurs mostly, through un-eco-friendly technology used to produce industrial products. Therefore, an eco-friendly science and technology (green technology) which can empower and control the existing coal power plant for the virtue of society and the earth is required. Today, the design and application of the electron accelerator has been well developed due to reliability, larger capacity, greater energy range and cost reduction, which has led to an increase in their application in the refining industry. Technologies that use particle accelerators are considered critical in order to advance high-tech processes in various economic fields, including material processing, sterilization of medical products, environmental protection, medicine (treatment and diagnosis of patients; manufacturing of radiopharmaceuticals), cargo inspection, chemical analysis, nuclear energy (ADS and conversion), etc. High-energy and high-power beams pose the ability to alter the physical, chemical and biological properties of materials on an industrial scale. This technology has received more attention than other conventional treatment methods due to the need for smaller area, high electrical efficiency and production of by-products such as fertilizers. The EB process in the treatment of off-gas, wastewater, and sludge, as well as the decomposition of emerging contaminants, is mentioned as a non-chemical, additive-free process that uses radiolysis to effectively decompose contaminants. The literature addresses the various applications of electron accelerators in order to modify the physical, chemical, or biological properties of industrial pollutants in the liquid, solid, and gas phases through treatment by ionizing radiation in order to control environmental pollution. Many advantages can be achieved through this method, which is known as radiation processing.

hypertension is one of the most dangerous chronic diseases, and it is always considered one of the lifelong causes of mortalities and disabilities all over the world.

In this research, 3147 files of periodic examinations in 1397 of various industries located in Iranian Kaveh Industrial Zone were examined. the principal object of the cross-sectional study was to elucidate the prevalence of high blood pressure in a massive number of people who work in one of the most significant Iranian industrial zones and to predict the exact proportion of demographic factors like income, work experience, age, sex, BMI, etc., in determining blood pressure and to elucidate whether these variables make the people vulnerable to such a devastating disease.

According to this research, around 5% of the population in the investigation were hypertensive. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between HTN type demographic characteristics (p< 0.001). Fisher test showed a significant relationship between age and HTN (p< 0.001). Also, the lowest percentage of accidents is in workers with 25-30 years of experience. The results of the Chi-square test showed no significant relationship between hypertension and Marital status and sex. Linear regression analysis showed that the factors identified in this study, 23.3% predict blood pressure (r: 0.233) and BMI factor most predictive variable (B = 0.148) among the variables.

The result suggests it should be considered the dramatic role of predictive factors and bringing out the new strategy to deal with HTN in the industrial workplace in order to improve health level in workers as they work and spend a lot of time in the factories.

Blowout is one of the most significant accidents in the drilling industry. Because of a shared field with a neighboring country and is located on Hur al-Azim wetland, Yaran Oil Field in the west of Ahwaz city needs special attention in terms of blowout control.

Four main events including kick prevention, kick detection, failure in the blowout preventer, and blowout occurrence have been identified by expert interviews and field studies as top events. Each top event by fault tree method was analyzed and its intermediate and basic causes were identified. The oil field includes 20 wells and one well was selected for the study. In this study, the fuzzy fault tree analysis method was used to assess the failure rate of events leading to a blowout.

 Based on the obtained results, the failure rate in kick prevention has been estimated to be 0.2863, the failure rate in kick detection 0.3878, the failure rate of blowout preventer 0.08443, the failure rate of a blowout from the first path 0.011, and the failure rate of a blowout from the second paths has been estimated to be 0.0286. In the event of kick prevention, hydrostatic pressure reduction with a failure rate of 0.227, in the event of kick detection, the failure rate of change in mud volume and change in current volume were 0.1462 and 0.133 respectively.

The results have been used to better understand the blowout and prevention actions and prevent losses due to the blowout.

Exposure to noise causes auditory and psychological effects in humans. Among the sources of sound generation are the means of transportation, which can cause anger and aggression. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between living in different places in terms of traffic and noise sensitivity with aggression in housewives in Yazd city.

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019-2020 among housewives in Yazd city. First, the city of Yazd was divided into three areas with high, medium and low traffic using GIS software, and 100 people from each area, were included in the study in a stratified random manner. Information was collected using Weinstein's bass and Perry questionnaires and sensitivity to sound. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 24 and R version 4.0.2.

Findings revealed that those who lived in high traffic have a higher aggression score (P-Value=0.009), while no significant difference was observed in the noise sensitivity score among people of different groups (P value=0.071). In addition, a direct and significant relationship was observed between aggression and sensitivity to sound (r=0.28 and P value<0.001). Only two variables of noise sensitivity and place of residence were included in the regression model and (R Square) was equal to 0.096.

The results showed that the two factors of traffic load and noise sensitivity have a direct and significant relationship with aggression scores among housewives in Yazd city. It is also suggested to use different sound insulation and barriers in buildings.