مجله مطالعات علوم قرآن
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 13، پاییز 1401)

In recent centuries, orientalists and non-Muslim researchers have considered "sources of the Qur'an" in an academic manner. The existing history of this issue dates back to the 19th century and since then a wide range of views have been propos ed. The authors of this issue have raised doubts about the sources of the Qur'an, and with various hypotheses and doubts; they believe that the Holy Prophet adapted a significant part of the Qur'an from various sources, such as the Torah, the Bible, the Sabean religion, Zoroastrian teachings, and the culture, customs and poems of the Jahiliyyah (age of ignorance) society. One of the orientalists named William Tisdall, insisting on the similarities between the Holy Qur'an and Zoroastrian teachings, has chosen the theory of adapting the Qur'an from Zoroastrian teachings. The current study, via a descriptive-analytical method and a critical approach, criticizes and examines the theory of the adaptation of the Qur'an from Zoroastrian teachings. The findings of the study suggest that in the writings of some Orientalists, enmity with Islam and not paying attention to the principles of research in the Qur'anic approach can be seen; therefore, it can be said that the real purpose of all orientalists from such researches is not to know Islam and the Qur'an.

Abdul Karim Khatib is one of the most important contemporary social commentators who was originally from the geographical area of Egypt and has dealt with the Qur'anic verses with the aim of presenting the general principles governing the social system of Islam through a descriptive, analytical, and theoretical method. The current research aims to explain Khatib's interpretation method in Al-Tafsir al-Qur'ani Le al-Qur'an and criticize his interpretation methods. In this article, the text of Al-Tafsir al-Qur'ani Le al-Qur'an is analyzed via a descriptive-analytical method and the application of the intra-textual context, and in four parts, the methods and interpretation methods of Khatib are analyzed and criticized. The most important findings of this study, via the method of extracting the foundations and interpretation method of Khatib, is that he has greatly developed the interpretation of the verses under the influence of Abduh's school of interpretation and due to the variety of conducting studies in Qur'anic sciences as well as the use of interpretation narratives. However, where it is difficult to interpret without the use of narration, he relied on his own intellect and deliberation in the verses. Based on his claim it can be concluded that he intends to use other verses of the Qur'an as much as possible in interpreting the verses. However, in some verses where the commentator is expected to use the Qur'an itself in the interpretation of the verses, such a thing is not seen and he is limited to personal analyses and does not refer to other verses of the Qur'an. In addition, there is no clear basis in Khatib's basis for choosing verses that interpret other verses. Therefore, he sometimes considers a verse as evidence for his interpretation, which is common only in words, but not necessarily in meaning.

Qur'anists are a group of Muslims who consider the Qur'an as the only source of legislation and deny the Hadiths (one of the most important sources of deriving rulings). The signs of anti-traditionalism go back to the Prophet era. This thought could grow again in the last two centuries and became a widespread movement in the subcontinent. It is very important to examine the current studies and approach of this sect, which are the main source of this thought. Two factors of Ahl al-Hadith and especially colonialism have played a major role in the formation of this movement. In the 18th century, Shah Waliullah and in the 19th century, Ahmad Khan turned to the revision of hadiths. Following them, in the early 20th century, the Qur'anists of the subcontinent revised the hadiths. At the head of this trend in the mentioned century were Chakralawi and Amritsari, both of whom were influenced by the colonial thoughts according to the revision they made in the hadiths. In the end, they completely rejected the traditions and denied them and planned the sect of the Qur'anists in the city of Lahore and Amritsar. The approaches of the Qur'anists of the subcontinent consist of how to follow the Sunnah of the Prophet and apply his hadiths, how the Prophet is infallible in receiving and promoting revelation, sources of interpretation and its scope, return of Jesus, existence of heaven and hell, how to pray and fast and polygamy. This article seeks to deal with the current studies and approach of the Qur'anists of the subcontinent via a descriptive-analytical approach, and tries to criticize the views of this sect.

One of the special encyclopedias of the Qur'an written by Westerners in the present era is the encyclopedia of the Qur'an by Mr. Oliver Leaman. Considering the place of encyclopedias and their importance in the reference of researchers and non-Muslim and even Muslim audiences, it is necessary to review them, especially from the Shiite point of view. The current study deals with the introduction and critique of the entry "Imamate" from the Qur'an encyclopedia, written by Mrs. Arzina R. Lalani and edited by Mr. Oliver Leaman. This entry in that encyclopedia works on the issue of imamate in the meaning of imam, its application in the Holy Quran and the opinions of different Islamic sects. The author starts the main discussion by referring to the verse of the appointment of Ibrahim as an imam and follows up the discussion by providing the concepts and issues discussed in the Qur'an and then briefly presents the views of Islamic schools of thought. The present study is looking for an answer to the question of what are the strengths and weaknesses of this entry, based on the Shia principles and perspective, using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the study suggest that despite the strengths of this article, many shortcomings and weaknesses can be seen, which are: Lack of proper and accurate explanation of the term "imam and imamate", lack of logical course and proper order, biased view on the issue of imamate, lack of respect for the Shia view and its reliable sources, lack of proper explanation of Imam's infallibility.

The Qur'an's condemnation of "Takathur" along with the condemnation of accumulation of wealth and contempt of the world, and the narratives of quantitative limitation of ownership, have raised the doubt that religious teachings have a negative approach to the production of wealth and capital accumulation, and the reflection of this approach in Muslims' culture are some of the factors behind their backwardness. Whether economic growth or development is not possible without the production of wealth and massive investments. This study, which has been organized by library method and descriptive-analytical method, seeks to correctly analyze the teachings related to reproduction and answer the mentioned doubts. The hypothesis of the study is that "Takathur" is basically a cultural and moral category and is different from the economic issue of wealth production and capital accumulation. The findings of the study suggest that religious teachings, along with the warning about Takathur, emphasize the production of wealth and capital, and the cultural, ethical and economic approach to these categories are in line with each other; As the condemnation of the world refers to "insatiable lusts", "comparing this world with the hereafter" and "extreme attachment to the world" which does not conflict with investment and wealth production. In addition, the quantitative limitation for ownership cannot be proven, and the reference to hadiths in this regard can be criticized.

Since every society needs to be built based on the principles and foundations of the school of thoughts it believes in, for its progress and advancement, the community of faith must also be built based on certain principles and foundations. Many verses of the Holy Qur'an have the mission of introducing the foundations of the community of faith; as in the third verse of Surah Asr, one of the fundamental principles of the community of faith i.e. advising on the right is introduced. The current study has been carried out with the aim of explaining the advice to the right and its role in the realization of the community of faith via a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the study suggest that advising on the right is a public invitation to follow the right so that everyone knows the right and avoids falsehood. This sense of mutual responsibility will bring for society some gifts including the realization of social justice, the creation of unity and solidarity, the non-pervasiveness of the oppressors' sedition, victory over the enemies, avoiding losses and the preparation of the society for the reappearance of Imam Mahdi. Undoubtedly, each of these components will lead the society one step towards becoming a community of faith.