نشریه سیاست ها و تحقیقات اقتصادی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1401)

Industrialization is the engine of economic growth on the one hand, and on the other hand, it has the greatest effect on the emission of carbon dioxide. According to the economic literature, one of the most important factors in the emission of air pollutants is industrialization and the production structure in the industrial sector. Based on this, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of industrial concentration on carbon dioxide emissions. This research was conducted using the panel data econometric model for 30 provinces during the period of 2010-2017. Investigating the industrial concentration index shows that the highest value is related to Bushehr province with 0.66 and the lowest value is related to Qazvin province with 0.018. In addition, at the country level, this index has increased from 0.110 in 2010 to 0.114 in 2017. The results of the model estimation show that industrial concentration, energy intensity, population and GDP have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. According to the research results, diversification of industrial activities in Iran's provinces is recommended based on regional advantage and the use of new production technologies to reduce energy intensity and thus reduce the emission of pollutants.

The increase in oil prices increases the foreign exchange reserves of oil exporting countries and these revenues increase the power of the domestic economy. Improper planning and improper use of these income sources can lead to an increase in income inequality in these countries. Income distribution is of particular importance as a performance variable that affects other economic variables. Using the econometric method based on the generalized moments method (GMM), this research examines the relationship between oil revenues and income inequality in selected oil countries. GDP, inflation, government size and labor productivity, independent variables and income distribution are considered as dependent variables of the model. The results show that oil revenues, GDP, inflation and government size have a positive and significant effect on the Gini coefficient. Also, labor productivity has a negative and significant effect on the Gini coefficient.The practical and political results of the research emphasize that because the increase in oil revenues in oil-exporting countries leads to an increase in inequality, therefore, budget planning should seek to reform the government's spending mechanism, because the main reasons for the relationship between income and income distribution in the way of spending planning and government expenses are hidden.

The Middle East is one of the most turbulent and tense regions in the world, which has been the site of many tensions at the national and international level since the past due to political, social, economic factors and abundant energy resources. Among the variables that have always been growing in the Middle East countries in recent decades- especially the oil countries, is defense spending, which has been affected by various factors. Examining the factors affecting defense spending in the Middle East countries will have broad policy implications for the countries-of this region and can be very useful. Therefore, the purpose of this article was.to investigate.factors affecting the demand function of military expenditures in the Middle East countries during the period of 1980-2019 with the quantile regression approach. The results of this study showed that GDP, oil price, foreign trade had.a.positive effect and civilian spending had a positive effect on foreign defense. Also, the military expenditures of other countries have had a positive and significant impact-on the-military expenditures of each country, which means.confirming the hypothesis of military.competition in the studied countries. Based on the other results of this study, the.effect of the effective factors on defense-spending in the studied.countries.was symmetrical.

The increasing demand for fossil fuels have made the world face an energy crisis. Therefore, the importance and necessity of changing the current system of energy production and consumption and replacing it with renewable energy sources to meet the global energy needs in the future is evident, and this is an issue for OPEC countries due to their high dependence on oil and gas revenues. , will become more important.Therefore, in this study, considering the importance of renewable energy sources in the discussion of reliable and sustainable energy in the future, to investigate the effective factors of the consumption of these energy sources in OPEC countries using the Panel ARDL model, has been paid during the period of 1990-2020. The results indicate that the price of non-renewable energy has a negative effect on the production and consumption of renewable energy, which can be attributed to the fact that renewable energy is more expensive than non-renewable energy. In addition, the variables of GDP, population growth and financial development have a positive effect on the production and consumption of renewable energy; but the increase in greenhouse gas emissions has not had a significant effect on the production of these energies,

Increasing economic resilience and promoting it against various monetary, financial and natural resource shocks to maintain economic security of countries has been discussed in the economic literature.In this study, the effect of oil revenues on the economic resilience of OIC member countries is investigated. In order to calculate the economic resilience of countries, the Briguglio resilience index has been used and the indicators have been combined using the Morris method. In the study of the effect of oil revenues on the economic resilience of the OIC member countries, the ordinary least squares and DOLS methods. The results of the study indicate that oil revenues have a positive and significant effect on the long-term economic resilience of countries. Also, the existence of political and economic stability along with controlling inflation and reducing unemployment in the economy have been identified as other factors affecting the resilience of selected Islamic countries. Therefore, in order to promote economic resilience, the economic policymakers of these countries should put the revenues from oil exports to develop economic infrastructure and apply monetary and fiscal discipline policies to control inflation and unemployment and increase the country's political and economic stability.

Investigating the effect of financial structure on economic growth is one of the important topics in economic literature. So far, there is no consensus on the effect of financial structure on economic growth despite extensive research. In this research, the effect of financial structure on economic growth by different provinces of Iran has been investigated using the generalized moment method (GMM) during the period of 1400-1380. Based on the obtained results, in the rich provinces, the financial structure is based on the market, and the less rich and deprived regions have a bank-based financial structure. Also, there is a significant relationship between financial structure, GDP per capita, physical capital stock, government spending, human capital, trade openness and there is a positive effect on economic growth. Based on the obtained results, the effect of the financial structure on economic growth changes in different stages of economic development, and financial development has a negative effect on economic growth. And it may be in different time periods and levels of financial structure, it confirms.