نشریه پژوهش های جغرافیای سیاسی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، تابستان 1401)

In recent decades, social, economic and political ties within cities have undergone fundamental changes. Urban governance is a process that is based on the interaction between the formal organizations and institutions of the city administration on the one hand and the informal institutions of civil society or the public arena on the other hand. The main purpose of this article is to study the situation of good urban governance in the metropolis of Tehran and to study the better management of the land and territory and the provision of better and more services to citizens. The research method of this article is quantitative-qualitative. In this study, using six indicators of good urban governance indicators, namely, participation, effectiveness and efficiency, justice, transparency, legitimacy and accountability in the study area were measured by one-sample t-test. Took. The statistical population of the study is the people of 14 districts out of 22 districts of Tehran and the sample size is 370 people who were randomly selected using the Cochran's formula. The results of the test indicate that urban management in the study area (fourteen districts of Tehran) is not in accordance with the principles of good urban governance and according to the six indicators is not in a good position that each of these indicators of governance A good city is less than the average of the average rankings. Therefore, it can be said that inefficient, centralized and top-down management causes a lack of attention to long-term and strategic plans, weak structure and position of the Islamic Council of the city and non-operational local councils and citizens do not participate in managing the city.

Much of the process of development process of geopolitics has been owed to theories proposed by global thinkers over the past two centuries. Geopolitical theories with the nature of predicting the events of the future world system, have generally been proposed with the centrality of different geographical locations in the field of global power competition. Our main goal in this research is to analyze the role of the United States in the geopolitical theories of the three classical, modern and postmodern periods by referring to authoritative international sources, using the method of data collection in the form of documents and libraries and the method of descriptive-analytical information analysis. A review of 30 theories by geopolitical theorists showed that each thinker seeks to represent the role of the United States in the world order as a "threat" or "opportunity" in the global geopolitical system, given the strategy and interests of his country. .

The discovery of gas reserves has had a significant impact on the economic, geopolitical and political balance in the Eastern Mediterranean. The development of fields and the motivation of government actors for possible extraction and export have led to the formation of an energy zone in the Eastern Mediterranean. Although in classical theories of regionalism, the formation of the region is tied to the geographical proximity and security motives of state actors and social, cultural and economic factors are considered as dependent and sub-elements, but in this study we try to determine the energy factor. Consider it as an independent factor in the formation of the region. This has led to new forms of the process of regionalization and the emergence of a new logic of governance in which the issues of difficult security in the formation of the region are ignored and instead the energy factor as the goal and focus of governance This has created a platform for the actions and reactions of various actors, including upstream gas companies (exploration and extraction) and national and international regulators, and the logic of regional exchanges from regional conflicts to It turns into intergovernmental competition.

Throughout history, political geographers have paid special attention to the effects of the Middle East on world powers and the effects of the Middle East crises on the balance of power at the regional and trans-regional levels, and in recent years the Syrian civil war crisis and developments. It has been one of the developments that has turned the country into a new camp for strategic competition, and the project of destabilizing Syria due to Western movements has been proposed as a factor in weakening the resistance front and controlling Iran's region. Thus, the Syrian crisis provided the arena for the presence of regional and trans-regional actors in the Middle East. Lebanon's Hezbollah, which is considered an ally of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Resistance Front, played a significant role in the victory of the Resistance Front against the opposition forces of the Syrian regime. Lebanon has addressed the regional goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran by emphasizing the Syrian civil war. The main question of the present study is what were the most important achievements of Lebanese Hezbollah in the Syrian civil war and what role did Lebanese Hezbollah play in Iran's regional goals? The results showed that military and strategic achievements were among the most important achievements of Lebanese Hezbollah in the Syrian civil war, in which Hezbollah Lebanon was able to play an effective role in Iran's regional goals.Keywords: Strategic rivalries, crisis, Syrian civil war, Hezbollah in Lebanon, Islamic Republic of Iran.

A major part of human behavior is subject to their perception of their environment. Sharing the group's interests gives meaning to their social and political behavior. In the meantime, the tribe as a biological/cultural unit in which the interests of the group are expressed in a form that leads to tribal action and the members behave on the values related to the perception of the place. In the geography of elections, the tribalism observes the effect of locational elements on the preferences affecting the behavior of voters living in certain areas as a voting base. The current research is an applied one in nature. It is based on the assumption that in the tenth period of the Islamic Parliament elections, local/tribal tendencies were the most effective factor in creating the voting base of the candidates of Mamsani constituency. Voting base of candidates in this area was more than a function of democracy macro process; it has been reflected in the theme of kinship and in the form of reproduction of traditional tribal alliances. The data and findings required for the current research were collected by documentary method (books, publications and internet) and fieldwork (observation and interview). Data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical research method and using GIS and Excel software. The study has been done using the data taken from the statistics of the 10th period of the Islamic Council elections. The result of the research showed that the origin of hometown and tribal votes played an effective role in the electoral candidates of the 10th election cycle of Mamsani.

Geographical space is a system composed of intertwined and interrelated natural, environmental and human factors and elements. These geographical factors sustain different values that adopt political, economic, cultural, security and geopolitical implications according to human needs and perceptions. The effect of geographical factors on economics has always played a role in human life. These factors as the sources of power acquire a geopolitical nature when the countries use them in line with macroeconomic goals. The current study seeks to explain the geopolitical categories of economic power on the basis of the study of geographical factors affecting economic power. The main question of the research maintains what the geopolitical variables of economic power are. This study is based on a theoretical approach and explains the causal relationship between the dependent variable (economic power) and the independent variable (geopolitical variables). Information and data collecting is arranged in terms of library documents studies. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In response to the main research question, three types of geopolitical conceptual variables are explained which are influenced by geographical factors affecting economic power: ‘Geolocation’; ‘Geoculture’ and ‘Geotechnology’.  Each of these conceptual variables includes several geographical factors influencing economic growth and development, which together determine the economic power of a country.