Asian Journal of Sports Medicine
Volume:14 Issue: 1, Mar 2023

Context: 

Field hockey is a very technical and tactical sport, requiring immense levels of visual concentration on moving and stationary targets, which can improve visual and team performance. However, in literature, this area of specialty remains underutilized, with most studies seeking to improve physical and physiological performance. Essential visual skills cannot only be attributed to field hockey but to other ball-playing sports and activities of daily living, which allow humans to coexist. The essential visual skills reduce the propensity of making poor decisions, ill preparations, and the exclusion of potent and capable players.

 This review novelly aims to not only compile a comprehensive list of essential visual skills for field hockey players but also to create a starting point for future studies to add to this list, to aid in player talent identification, and eventually create sport-specific visual exercise programs and testing batteries.

 The skills identified in this review preface a platform for human performance professionals to include in their training regimens, with an intent to maximize performance and talent identification and to aid in the formulation of visuospatial test batteries. Even though this list is comprehensive, this is only a starting point for future research to find more visual skills that are essential to field hockey, as well as provide the opportunity to develop the performance of the visual skills of these athletes in ways that have not been done before.

 Large maximum hip flexion and extension range of motion is considered effective in preventing injury in pole vaulters. Nonetheless, whether the improvement in hip flexion and extension range of motion changes their hip joint angle during pole vaulting remains unclear.

 The present study aimed to clarify the acute effects of intervention for hip flexion and extension range of motion in pole vaulters on the maximum hip joint angle during pole vaulting.

 Seventeen male pole vaulters who underwent the same intervention for hip range of motion were included. The maximum hip joint angle during the pole vault from the touchdown of the last step of the run-up to the pole straightening was calculated from videos taken pre- and post-intervention and was subsequently compared. The pole vaulters cleared bungee bars that were set at the height of 90% of their personal best record. Three types of self-massages were used to improve the hip flexion and extension range of motion, and an active straight leg raise exercise was also performed. All intervention programs were completed in approximately 25 min on an experimental day, and all interventions were monitored by the examiner.

 No significant improvements were observed between pre and post-intervention hip range of motion. The magnitude of change in the range of motion of active hip flexion was significantly correlated with the magnitude of change in the maximum hip flexion angle during pole vaulting pre-and post-intervention (P = 0.002, r = 0.687).

 Athletes should find ways to improve their active range of motion to prevent injuries and improve their performance. Coaches and athletic trainers should adopt an active range of motion as an indicator to control athlete conditioning.

 The research was conducted in the Paradigm Model of Emergence Typology of Anomalies and Corruption in Sport Hierarchical Levels in Iran with Emphasis on Human Resources.

 The purpose of this study was to implement a descriptive-based survey in the qualitative research method in which the data was collected and analyzed by applying grounded theory.

 A library literature review with content analysis and a semi-structured interview with 20 experts and professionals in sport educational level, sport for all levels, championship level, and professional levels, which participated in the interview process with a semi-structured question-based. Data from the interviews were collected in open coding, axial, and theoretically analyzed. The present study was carried out in the context of a qualitative approach using the foundation's data theory method.

 The results demonstrated that structural and behavioral antecedents had caused the change in attitudes of players, spectators, and fans and also abnormal effects such as players' domination, players' expensive salary, lack of meritocracy, and lack of socialization have concluded.

 A required infrastructure development on communication, educational, and event development has been selected as the key elements to reform the modification structure of these attitudes toward deviant behaviors.

 Following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019, medical face masks were widely recommended for large numbers of people and for long periods of time. The effect of wearing surgical and N95 face masks during long-term high-intensity interval training on the cardiac autonomic system has not been reported.

 Eighteen healthy men were randomly divided into three groups (surgical mask, N95 mask, and no mask) and performed high-intensity interval training with (80 - 90%-heart rate max) intensity three times a week, three repetitions in a session for four weeks. Heart rate variability parameters were evaluated with an electrocardiogram device and Kubius software. The R-R interval was recorded for 5 minutes in a sitting position in the pre-and post-modified Bruce test before and after four weeks of interval training to extract parasympathetic (RMSSD, HF, SD1), sympathetic indices (LF, LF/HF) and RR mean. We used the two-way ANOVA test and the Bonferroni post hoc test.

 In all groups, four-week functional HIIT exercises increased the resting parasympathetic indices (RMSSD, SD1) compared to baseline levels. This increase was more evident in the N95 mask group than in the surgical mask group. In addition, the five-minute recovery of the cardiac autonomic system after a modified Bruce test following functional HIIT exercise increased parasympathetic tone (RMSSD, HFn.u) in all groups compared to baseline levels. Therefore, a four-week adaptation to HIIT exercises leads to faster recovery of sympathetic indices (LFn.u, LF/HF) in the no mask group, as compared to the surgical and N95 groups. Despite the above, there was no significant difference in the recovery and resting values of cardiac autonomic system indices between the two types of surgical masks and N95 compared to the control group (no mask).

 Four weeks of high-intensity interval training using surgical and N95 face masks improved the cardiac autonomic nervous system. This data is important for recommending the use of face masks during physical activity.

 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies have shown that aerobic activity is inversely related to MS symptoms and may be restorative and possibly protective.

 This study aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) protocols and aerobic exercise on functional fitness as well as the cognitive aspect of female patients with multiple sclerosis.

 This quasi-experimental and applied clinical trial study consisted of all patients with MS registered in an MS clinic. Among eligible individuals, 30 female RRMS patients were randomly and equally divided into three groups high-intensity functional training (n = 10); aerobic exercise (n = 10), and control group (n = 10). The forearm test, the 30-second standing test, and single leg stance test (SLST), the timed up and go (TUG), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were performed to assess physical factors as well as the 21-DAS questionnaire to assess cognitive aspects.

 This study showed a meaningful difference between the intervention groups and the control group (P < 0.05), in the level of power in the upper body (P = 0.001), lower torso strength (P = 0.001), static balance (P = 0.001), dynamic balance (P = 0.001). the psychological and behavioral components.

 Present study suggests that aerobic exercise and HIFT in women with MS can improve and further enhance physical function plus psychological and behavioral factors.

 Increased inflammation and oxidative stress are the main causes of many common diseases of old age.

 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of combined training on inflammatory and oxidative markers and the general-social health of overweight older male adults.

 In this quasi-experimental study, 40 overweight older male adults with an age range of 60 - 75 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two training and control groups. The training program included aerobic, resistance, and balance training for eight weeks and three days a week. Study variables were measured 48 hours before and after the intervention. The statistical analysis of the data was done by two-way repeated measure analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05.

 After eight weeks of combined training, levels of TNF-α (P ≤ 0.01), hs-CRP (P ≤ 0.03), and MDA (P ≤ 0.01), the mass of fat (P ≤ 0.04) decreased, while the level of superoxide dismutase (P ≤ 0.01) and the score of social health (P ≤ 0.01) increased significantly.

 It seems that combined training in the elderly is a suitable option for modulating and regulating inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers and improving general social health.

 To investigate the therapeutic effects of PRP injection + conservative treatment as the intervention group versus normal saline injection + conservative treatment as the control group.

 This study we determined the effects of underlying factors, including age, gender, and Body Mass Index (BMI), on the therapeutic effects of PRP.

 In this single-blinded randomized clinical trial, 60 patients with grade 2 knee OA with an age of 40 - 65 years were enrolled. In the intervention group, leukocyte-poor PRP with double spinning, and in the control group, normal saline was injected with a similar protocol. All patients in both groups were also provided with a conservative protocol, including oral celecoxib 100 mg BID for four weeks, modifying physical activity, and 15 sessions of physiotherapy.

 Demographic characteristics (age, gender, and BMI) and pre-treatment scores were similar between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The WOMAC score was improved from pre-treatment to first week post-treatment in both groups (from 54.89 ± 3.4 to 64.9 ± 3.7 in the intervention group and from 53.7 ± 3.1 to 63.8 ± 3.9 in the control group). It means that PRP + conservative treatment was effective, similar to normal saline + conservative treatment. After adjusting BMI as an underlying variable, it was indicated that in the patients with lower BMI, PRP + conservative provided a better outcome in comparison to saline + conservative treatment (P = 0.014 and P = 0.019, respectively). Also, the comparison of functional scores changes with age as an underlying variable, demonstrating that younger cases obtained a better response from PRP + conservative rather than normal saline + conservative (P = 0.012 and P = 0.007, respectively).

 PRP seems to be an appropriate choice for treatment of moderate osteoarthritis, especially in younger patients and those with lower BMI.