فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 42 (زمستان 1401)

Given the importance, background and position of the concept of "justice" in Islamic teachings, popular culture and traditional Iranian architecture, and considering the positive effects that the perception of justice has on society. The importance and necessity of looking at architecture from the perspective of "justice" especially in housing, seems more and more necessary. Humans spend most of their time in residential spaces, and these are the most important urban elements that impact people's perception. Considering the perceptual relationship, we can say that there is a significant relationship between the architecture of residential buildings and the perception of justice. There is also a direct relationship between how citizens' mental values about housing relate to what they perceive and perceive as the physical components of housing, which leads to a perception of justice or injustice. Since, the perception of justice depends on the presence of individuals and the mentality that individuals have towards the concept of justice and what they observe. So there is a two-way relationship between objective and subjective indicators. With these interpretations, it is the observation of objective indicators and their comparison in the minds of individuals that form the mental indicators.

The research method in this research is of a combined type according to the research and based on the method in the first part is qualitative and in the second part is quantitative. In data analysis, content analysis, Delphi and survey methods are used. Has been.

Findings show that not all people have the same perception of the concept of "justice" and each person has a different definition. Therefore, the perception of justice is not the same for all people, but all people believe in common contexts and factors in the architecture of residential buildings that affect the perception of justice. As a result, the priority of influencing each component on the perception of justice of individuals varies according to contextual factors such as age, gender, marriage, employment and income status, education and residence of individuals among citizens.

We divided components affecting the perception of justice by individuals through the architecture of residential buildings into two categories: objective and subjective. The differences in objective indicators such as building scales have led to differences in the mental indicators of citizens in different residential areas of Tehran, which is important in the mental indicators obtained from the research, such as individual rights and neighborhood rights, The feeling of security is also visible. All the mentioned factors such as order, proportions from the point of view of experts and citizens are factors that exist in all residential buildings that are perceived as a whole and engrave a mental image of themselves on the mind of the audience that there is a direct relationship between these factors and There is a perception of justice. The status of mental indicators related to housing and affecting the perception of justice shows that the sense of security, attention to peace and respect for individual rights and neighborhood are ranked 1 to 3, respectively, in the objective indicators affecting the perception of the world: Adaptation to human needs and disabilities, building scale, building stability are ranked 1 to 3.

A presentable place for women is a place that is socially acceptable for them to be present in. Women's attendance in public spaces and communities has increased in recent years because of lifestyle changes and cultural shifts. However, there are a variety of issues that limit women's social participation in public spaces. One factor limiting women's social involvement is that public spaces are not organized or designed with women's demands, social aspects, or behaviors. This research aims to achieve indices and characteristics in public spaces that reflect women's demands and behaviors to make the spaces more appealing to them.

After performing document studies and forming the literature of study, field studies and data collection techniques based on qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews, participant observation, and the grounded method, were used to meet research objectives. The views and behaviors of different women regarding spatial indices affecting their presence in communal spaces were assessed to prove the concept explained in this article, and discussions with participants were conducted in two public spaces in Rasht Shahrdari Square and the area around Lahijan Lake to validate the theory. I also done data analysis as coding.

Analyzing the results presents the concept of "semi-private territory." Semi-private territories have unique characteristics that make them appealing to women, such as reduced exposure, privacy, and warmth. They have some characteristics of private territories and some similarities to private spaces, although they are in a public field. They are not entirely open to the public eye.

While the findings support the listed characteristics, they also indicate that semi-private territories in relation to women's behavioral characteristics and territorial behavior impact the promotion of women's presence in informal common spaces. As a result, by designing and considering such locations in public spaces, it is possible to boost women's willingness to join these spaces and lay the groundwork for their increased presence there.

Proximity of Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone with Chabahar city it has caused changes in various dimensions, especially the social dimension for this city and the surrounding areas. This study reviews and prioritizes urban areas of Chabahar with an emphasis on the impact of free tradeindustrial zones on the improvement of social indicators.

The present study in terms of purpose, is a developmental research and the research method is analytical and based on library, documentary and field studies. The statistical population of the present study includes the residents of the four areas of Chabahar (106739 people) whose sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula and the number (382) people was determined. I distributed questionnaires in the four districts of Chabahar city in terms of population ratio. Data analysis software (SPSS) and Fuzzy ELECTRE model were used.

The results of regression analysis showed that all items of social dimension with a level of 99% confidence have a significant relationship with the free trade-industrial zone. Also, the results of the test (ANOVA) showed that because the significance level is less than (0.05), it can be said with 0.95 confidence, among the areas of Chabahar city, There is a significant difference in terms of the impact of the free trade zone on the development of social indicators. Finally, the results of prioritization of Chabahar city areas with emphasis on the impact of free trade-industrial zone with the focus on the development of social indicators using the fuzzy electricity model showed that (Area 2) is in the priority.

The general results show social indicators affected by commercial-industrial free zones cause spatial differences in urban areas of Chabahar and different levels of social development can be seen in the city.

Urban environments are often affected by the types of pollution, unsafe sidewalks, and high crime rates that affect children's social and psychological development. In Bushehr, like in many developing cities, children's rights in the urban space are ignored. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to examine the level of satisfaction of children and their parents about urban parks and to provide solutions to improve the conditions of parks based on the indicators of a child-friendly city.

In this research, first, through a review of internationally valid texts, the underlying variables of creating a child-friendly urban space have been extracted. Then, the reliability was confirmed according to the Cronbach's alpha test value (0.941) and the validity of the questions was checked through interviews with experts. Then, through a questionnaire survey, children's opinions about these variables were measured.
Factor analysis technique has been used to construct the theory of child-friendly city and to get its constituent factors. Considering p = q = 0.5 and maximum error of 7%, the sample size was calculated with the Cochran's formula of 196 people, which was distributed in approximately 200 questionnaires in four parks, each park has a share of 50 questionnaires. Respondents were children aged 6 to 11, of whom 108 were boys and 92 were girls. After completing the questionnaires, the following data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed using the exploratory factor analysis model. The output of the model categorizes and summarizes the variables under several homogeneous factors. The relationship between factors and children's overall satisfaction with the parks has been evaluated using a multiple linear regression model.

According to the findings 5 factors were identified as explaining the child-friendly urban space for Bushehr. The total cumulative variance of these 5 extraction factors is 67.5. These factors include "liveliness", "efficiency", "security", "readability" and "controllability". Also, the results show theMaadar park has a significant advantage over other parks and Shaghab Park has been associated with the lowest score. Shaghab Park is markedly weak in the fourth (Readability) and fifth (controllability) factors.

Accrding to the research findings the intervention strategies in the parks can be adjusted based on the variables related to each factor and it was expected that the situation of the child-friendly atmosphere in the parks would be improved by upgrading the variables. Achieving this can, in addition to reducing social tensions and anomalies, strengthen the sense of security of children and parents,increase the satisfaction of park users, ultimately lead to more people and promote vitality in parks and other urban spaces.

This research aims to answer the fundamental question of how environmental factors are perceived by COVID-19 patients in hospitals and through what mechanisms. In other words, from the perspective of patients hospitalized in the country's hospitals, what environmental factors have the greatest impact on their perception and therefore, the improvement of their physical immune system in the face of the coronavirus? By evaluating these factors, strategies can be developed to improve the quality of environmental and physical factors in hospitalization wards and potentially enhance the patient's condition.

The present study is a descriptive survey type in terms of its objective, applicability, and execution method. The statistical population of the research consisted of private hospitals in the city of Karaj, including five hospitals which had 138 recovered patients from the COVID-19 ward in the fourth peak of the coronavirus pandemic. Using the cluster random sampling method and the Cochran's formula, 102 individuals were selected as the sample. The reason for using quantitative methods instead of qualitative ones was the better generalizability of the research results and the research objective, which was to evaluate the effective environmental and physical factors on the perception of COVID-19 patients from the perspective of those who had firsthand experience in the hospitalization ward. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 6 dimensions, which was validated and its reliability was confirmed by content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software version25 and the model was fitted using Smartpls software version 2.

The research findings showed that environmental and physical factors that affect the perception of COVID-19 patients can be classified into 6 categories: "facilities and equipment, visual attractions, thermal quality, air and lighting quality, sound quality, comfort, and accessibility".
According to the findings, the level of impact of sound quality factors had the highest potential with a coefficient of 84.2% in explaining the changes in patients' perception of environmental and physical factors. Thermal quality with a coefficient of 83.6% indicated that the cooling and heating temperatures of the room and corridor were in a desirable state. The level of comfort and ease of accessibility had a potential of 60.7%. The facilities and hospital room environment factor had a coefficient of 31.4%, and visual attractions had the least potential in explaining the variance of patients' perception of environmental and physical factors with a potential of 14.6%.

Based on the results of the present study, with environmental and physical interventions and attention to these factors in hospital design, steps can be taken towards changing and improving these variables and providing a faster improvement for these patients, as well as improving mental imagery content by increasing the readability and clarity of the environment through changes in the presentation of spaces and defining the boundaries and scope of each activity. One of the limitations of this study was the difficult access to recovering COVID-19 patients. The results obtained in this study can be a prelude to the definition and design of future research.

Considering the importance of sound comfort and speech intelligibility in determining the acoustical quality of a space, especially functional spaces, the important indexes of these two factors should be considered. In this research, acoustics in metro stations have been studied, which are functional in crowded and busy spaces, and structurally and physically have disproportionate geometry (long length) and materials with low sound absorption coefficient, thus, a noisy environment with sound disorders. Relatively high noise, which in addition to the background noise (noise of equipment and ventilation systems, etc.), in the effect of other sound sources (trains, brakes, engines, People talking, etc.), noise in metro stations is one of the most annoying issues that can cause discomfort and physical damage in the long run. Excessive sounds and repeated reflections disrupt the hearing of the audience's safety messages and verbal communication and cause fatigue, confusion, decentralization, and illegibility of the environment.

This research is quantitative because it has quantitative data that has been obtained from field measurements and simulations. simulation in this research is a method for describing acoustical behavior in metro stations. Simulations have been performed to investigate and compare acoustic variables with international standards to devise solutions for auditory satisfaction in metro stations. The case studies were selected from Tehran, Tabriz, and Isfahan and classified into two types and three different volumes. Then, by entering the three-dimensional case studies in ODEON software and determining the surface material, sound source, and background noise based on the data obtained from field measurements, specifying the receiver points and settings related to the impulse response length, simulation is performed and effective acoustic variables are extracted. Variables such as SPL, RT, EDT, STI, ALCons, C, and D concerning the subjects of noise in the environment and speech intelligibility are essential.

The results of simulations show that the maximum sound pressure level in all stations is higher than 85 dB(A) and the maximum reverberation time is more than 2s, which is far from international standards. These effects sound comfort as well as speech understanding, which is the most important factor in creating safety and performance of the space and is directly related to the user`s auditory satisfaction. Quantitative measurement and assessment of acoustic variables were also proof of this claim.

It can be concluded that the type of platform, volume, proportions, and different materials used in the stations are the reason for the heterogeneity of acoustical behavior among stations and the effect of environmental elements, especially space architecture on acoustical conditions and audio dissatisfaction is undeniable.
It is also suggested to study the sound absorption capacity at different frequencies to optimize the acoustic conditions for providing auditory satisfaction to increase the absorption capacities at low frequencies and frequencies of human speech and auditory range by creating cutouts, corners, and cavity-like functional spaces.

Identity in the form of artificial environments is always derived from human components and behavioral sciences, and this identity is more valuable in neighborhoods that have history and historical context, due to the multiple uses of semantic and identity signs attributed to culture, which are used in different age groups. Signs can have a different appearance from their point of view. Therefore, in this research, to investigate the impact of visual and semantic signs that lead to the identity of the old urban context on the different perceptions of three age groups, young, middle-aged, and old, it has been tried to identify these factors from the point of view of experts and spatial users.

The research method is a qualitative-quantitative combination that is used in the extraction of variables from semi-structured interviews with coding and data reduction technique in ATLAS.TI software and in a small part of JMP software to analyze inferential statistics and correlation of age groups and plot curve fitting is used

The results show that in the age groups of 60-40 and 40-20, attention to perceptual and visual signs in the same space is almost equal, and the correlation coefficient of 0.76 indicates this. In general, it can be said that for the design of perceptual and visual signs in space, age groups of 20-60 years old think in the same way, and the results of one group can be used to explain the behavior of another group, but this is the case in the age group of 60-80 years old. It doesn't exist and it is necessary to examine the opinions of this age group separately before designing an environment with these characteristics; but according to the graphs, it is clear that the perceptual and visual signs in the age groups of 60-40 and 80-60 have a higher correlation. It seems that the way of looking at the signs in the age groups of60-80 has a difference and over time, this difference is more. It is also possible, according to the determination coefficients obtained, it confirms that special attention should be paid to this issue in designs based on perceptual and visual signs.

In the conclusion of this research, the Fahadan neighborhood as a rich context with various visual and perceptual signs is first extracted from different aspects and then evaluated. The extracted signs can be categorized into spatial, physical, mystical, climatic, and social dimensions.

Conflict in the conservation-development dichotomy is among the main challenges in the face of historic urban areas, which destroys heritage values, as well as hinders the actualization of development objectives, and deteriorates the historic urban areas. The present study aims to explain the dialectic and balanced model of conservation- development of historic urban areas, redefining the concepts of conservation and development in the face of historic urban areas, evaluating the roots of forming intellectual conflicts, and providing a rational framework and method for understanding and eliminating the conflict of conservation-development dichotomy.

This Research is fundamental, by qualitative content analysis and logical reasoning strategy, at the ontological level through the analysis of philosophical texts, understands the basic meaning of "relationship", conservation and development, and at the epistemological level through analytical reading of theories, effective components In the recognition of conservation-development dichotomy is explained. The final product of the research is the explanation of the dialectical and balanced model ofconservation-development of historical urban areas.

At the theoretical level, the results include redefining the relationship between conservation and development, showing that their relationship interacts with conflict in a dialectic process, while the scope and depth of each expanded, leading to their evolution and promotion. At the philosophical level, the results show that all the concepts are considered contradictory and unbalanced in both internal and external areas (intermediate concerning other concepts), leading to a move to return to balance and interact with other concepts and achieve a higher position in the hierarchy of actualization in the concept.

Based on the results, conservation and development are inherently integrated and balanced. In addition, passing through the dialectic stages in different dimensions of the conservation-development dichotomy leads to the elimination of internal conflicts, the creation of a balance between the concepts, and their promotion