نشریه التاریخ و الحضاره الاسلامیه: رویه معاصره
پیاپی 1 (الشتاء و الربیع 2021)

With the Mongol invasion, most of Iran's civilization heritage, such as schools, mosques and cities, was destroyed. However, after the presence of Hulagu Khan in Maragheh and with the establishment of the World Science Center at the Maragheh Observatory by Khajeh Nasir al-Din al- Tusi, the production of various sciences, architecture, and urban planning progressed greatly. During this period, in order to decorate the inscriptions, they used plasterwork and tiling with Kufic, Naskh, Thuluth and Bannaei Scripts. The architectural inscriptions of this period are decorated with Qur'anic verses, the Prophet's narrations, guardianship, executorship and Salawat on the twelve Imams. For example, in the tomb of ÷ljait¸ in Soltaniyeh, in the interior decoration of one of the porches and the outside part of gateway of east door, the words "La ilaha illa Allah", "Muhammad Rasoolullah", "Ali Wali Allah; Ali Wasi Rasul Allah" have been decorated. This paper seeks to explain the place of guardianship and guardianship of Amir Mo'menin in the inscriptions of this period through a descriptive and analytical method and direct observation of the historical monuments of Ilkhanate Period. The hypothesis of the paper is that these inscriptions are valuable historical documents about the religious image of Iranian society and show the tendency of the inhabitants of center of Iran to the guardianship of Ali and Ahlul Bayt.

Imam Al-Mansour Bellah Hassan Ibn Badruddin presented the subject of Ghadir's hadith in the book Anwar al-Yaqin fi Imamat Amir al- Mu'minin in a methodical and innovative way, and as he himself stated, he has discussed Ghadir in three main areas: The certainty of the event and the correctness of Ghadir's hadith; Its implication on the Imamate of Amir al-Mu'minin; The existence of a number of doubts and objections raised by opponents of Shiite perceptions and responding to them. The author's method is based on each of these three areas, and logically, several sub-areas are proposed. In this paper, the author discusses the subject of Ghadir hadith as an Imami scholar, and his view and interpretation of the event and hadith of Ghadir is like that of the Imamiyah. He has considered the hadith consistent and definite, proved its frequency by referring to various sources and narrations of numerous Zaidi Shiites and Sunnis, and argued the meaning of the hadith on the Imamate of Hazrat Amir al-Mu'minin from various aspects.

Islam has given women something that no other religion has given them. A woman with her noble personality and honorable deeds can prove that she is a part of society that is not underestimated in any way. The Holy Qur'an, for both men and women, prefers good deeds and faith and knowledge, and nothing else.In this paper, we will explain that the Ahl al- Bayt have placed the woman in the same position as the Qur'an has placed. If a woman is aware of her value, she has a high status with the Ahl al-Bayt, but if she agrees with someone who deprives her of her Islamic identity, she has no status and place for them or the people.Islam is the religion that honors and restores a woman's face after she has been humiliated and worthless in all pre-Islamic or contemporary Islamic societies and has been humiliated by Jews, Christians, Greeks, Romans, Iranians, etc. If we review the history of Muslim nations, we will find examples and images of immortal women throughout history, including: Eve, Sarah, Hajar, Asiya, and Mary (peace be upon them). In the history of our Islam, there were immortal women who had a place and role in society that could not be underestimated.Among those eternal models, we can name Hazrat Khadijeh, the daughter of Khuwalid, Hazrat Zahra, the daughter of the Prophet, and Hazrat Zeinab, the daughter of Imam Ali (as).

The event of Ghadir Khum and the area where the event took place are of great religious beliefs to Shiites. Ghadir Khumm is located in the larger area of Juhfah, and Juhfah was a frequent name in geographical books until the seventh century. From the seventh century onwards, Juhfah was destroyed and lost its position. Following this change, Juhfah and Ghadir Khum were neglected and forgotten in geographical books, so that now the researchers have different views about the geographical location of Ghadir. The present study seeks to find the ups and downs of Ghadir's location and to find out why the authors address or do not address Ghadir's geography. By examining the sources that have dealt with Ghadir's geography, especially geographical books, four different periods in how Ghadir's geography was mentioned were identified and the role of political developments in the growth or weakening of Ghadir's place was shown. As a result, with the emergence of Shiite governments in the fourth century, geographers, under the influence of the new conditions, paid attention to Shiites' favorite places, and with the emergence of the Ayyubid and Mamluk governments in the seventh century and the pursuit of anti-Shiite policies, the geography of Ghadir was also affected by these policies. With the change of direction of the caravans and the relocation of the Egyptian and Syrian pilgrims from Juhfah to Rabigh region by these governments, the residential area of Juhfah, of which Ghadir Khum was also a part, was gradually destroyed and became uninhabited and this has been the main reason why Ghadir's geographical location was forgotten and its exact area was unclear.

Educational values are important in human life, because they are necessities of life and inherent concerns of human affairs. The value of society is not reflected in its mines and wealth, but its value depends on reason and maturity, as well as on the polite people who live in it. Educational values nurture the healthy individual, the good family, and the good society, and it is through those values that civilizations thrive, generations are built, and good human concepts grow among human beings. This paper discusses one of the most important issues in building societies, and that is the issue of education and its necessity in general and from the perspective of Islam in particular. Then, it examines the special view of one of the flags of science, guidance, reform, and one of the high mountains of guidance, namely Imam Hadi. That Imam has been raised under the guidance of the Holy Qur'an and the lifestyle of the Holy Prophet and he is a manifestation of his noble father. Signs of supernatural intelligence and the initial radiance that foretold divine providence had appeared in that Imam. At the beginning of the discussion, this study defines the concept of education, then, far from spontaneity and superficiality, with a clear approach, concludes the need for education. Then, by reviewing the rules and concepts that this great Imam has brought from them, the teachings of enlightenment of educational values are dealt with, the rulings of which have been set by Imam Hadi. These teachings include: A. Self-preparedness: The paper will provide texts on self-care, monitoring, accountability and evaluation, then long reflection to correct flaws and eliminate shortcomings. B. Graduation and order in education: These are two of the great rulings of Islamic education that Imam Hadi (as) has approved and has been approved by psychology. C. Training the family and the society through interaction between people in the community and creating a balanced network of social relationships through being kind to people and encouraging cooperation between them.

The unity of the Islamic nations (Ummah) is one of the most important concerns of the leaders of the nations, especially the leaders of the Shiites as well as one of the emphases of the Fourteen Infallibles and in this regard, they have provided mechanisms to implement it. In this regard, the era of Imam Hadi was a prominent period with valuable mechanisms for the realization of unity. The existence of various sects and tribes led to differences in the Islamic society and Imam Hadi provided appropriate mechanisms to achieve the desired unity by accepting the Islamic principles and realities among the people. The question is about the nature and type of mechanisms of Imam Hadi to achieve unity and prevent the escalation of differences in the nations and that is the answer we are looking for in this article. Avoiding collateral matters and relying on the Qur'an and the sira (lifestyle) of the Holy Prophet and respecting the beliefs of the general public are some of the most important mechanisms to achieve unity. In this paper, we implicitly refer to the cultural characteristics of Imam Hadi's era and explain his method and approach to achieve this goal.