نشریه مطالعات جنسیت و خانواده
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 17، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

How the contribution of the application of reason in inference of Sharia rules is explained in contemporary studies regarding women's issues. This study aims to address this question by applying an analytical-critical method, through contemporary sources. These studies have sometimes used the foresaid reason in the condition of discovering the “sovereign rule" of Sharia and have attributed the "precedence of the independent rule of reason over texts", "the rule of justice based on the rule of common sense", "the validity of the presumptive rule of reason" and "the evolutionary process of justice". Moreover, they also applied reason to discover the "secondary rule" of the Sharia, and they addressed the "rational discovery of expediency" and the "rational discovery of justice at the point of execution". It seems that though reason is not used much in the common background of jurisprudence, the scope of its application has been generalized in contemporary jurisprudential studies regarding women's issues. Indeed," presumptive reason" has been used to derive some jurisprudential Fatwas, from this point of view, reason is included among other valid conjectures. These studies are a great opportunity to activate the capacity of reason in jurisprudence, but at the same time, it is necessary to explain the basis of the validity of presumptive reason in them and to define the quality of its departure from the basic principle of sanctity of action to presumption, and to correct the ambiguities and some seemingly apparent mistakes in them.

A successful marriage plays a fundamental role in the formation of a wholesome family, and the degree of its success and health is different in family and non-family marriages. The purpose of this research is to compare the pattern of premarital counseling in family and non-family couples during per-marital, engagement and marriage periods. Regarding the goal, this research is fundamental as well as practical and in terms of the nature of the data it is qualitative. It is carried out based on the database method. Subjects were selected by purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen family couples and fifteen non-family couples with less than five years of marriage. The interviews were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's qualitative methods, and categories were extracted applying the open, axial, and selective coding method, and a paradigm model was designed in a comparative manner. Based on the results of this study, the counseling model for the prevention of marriages vulnerable to divorce has a preventive and strengthening nature for the life of couples about to get married. It is a suitable guide for marriage counselors to acquire knowledge as well as skills. Hence, by identifying the conflicts of the transitional process that threatens the consistency of life, they can help the couples to maintain and improve their relationship during marriage.

This study aims to explain the effect of psychological flexibility on the tendency to extramarital relationships with the role of ego powerfulness as a mediator in couples. The current research was based on a correlational research and locating the model of structural equation type. The statistical population in this research included couples in Birjand. The sampling method was the accessible type and the number of samples included 192 couples (384 individuals). Questionnaires applied for collecting data from the sample groups included: Whatley's Extramarital Affairs Attitude Questionnaire (2006); Dennis and Vander Wal Questionnaire of Cognitive Flexibility (2010); Besharat Ego Powerfulness Scale (2016). Structural equation model (SEM) was used for statistical analysis of the collected data. According to the findings, the direct effect of psychological flexibility on the tendency to extramarital affairs, the direct effect of psychological flexibility on ego powerfulness, and the direct effect of ego powerfulness on tendency to extramarital affairs were confirmed. In addition, the indirect effect of the psychological flexibility variable through ego powerfulness on the tendency to extramarital affairs has been confirmed (P<0.01). Therefore, psychological flexibility and ego powerfulness have many practical implications in the research fields, etiology, and treatment of extramarital affairs.

Family litigation is a legal action resulting from unresolved disputes between members of a family, which begins with a petition. Applying the method of theme analysis and based on semi-structured and in-depth interviews with women referring to the family court (22 samples from the city of Kerman), this study aims to examine and analyze the experiences and problems of women. It also aims to answer the question that “What quality do women experience in the process of family litigation?” The results of the research indicate that a part of women's experiences are formed in relation to activists and another part is formed in relation to the laws and structures of the judicial system of family litigation. The categories of turning conflict and dispute into petitions for financial demands, payment of material and moral expenses, slow and gradual proceedings, terminating marital life, as well as, referring to counseling and arbitration and series of family lawsuits were formulated under the structural level since they were related to the structure of the family litigation system. And other categories like using the child as pressure levers, lack of access and knowledge, proceedings prone to legal tricks and actions of the actors of the proceedings were included in the individual level. The results of this study indicate that there are shortcomings and ambiguities in the scope of the content of the laws and the implementation of the decisions of the family courts, which indicate the intensity of hostilities by referring the family to the court, which needs to be reviewed in this regard..

This study aims to investigate the level of sexual satisfaction of married women and the personal and contextual factors related to this satisfaction. Applying the questionnaire technique, the research was carried out in survey mode. The statistical population of the research was all married women living in Tabriz, 400 of whom were selected based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster sampling method. To examine sexual satisfaction, the Standard Marital Sexual Function Questionnaire (MSF) with seven dimensions of sexual participation, sexual expression, sexual excitement, sexual desire, sexual fulfillment, sexual attitude and sexual awareness was applied; moreover SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research indicate that the average index of sexual satisfaction of women is medium to high. The average dimensions of sexual satisfaction are respectively equal to sexual participation between 48-14 (35/40), sexual expression between 48-13 (32/13), sexual excitement between 36-9 (22/45), sexual desire between 36-12 (25/02), sexual fulfillment between 60-15 (41/02) and sexual attitude between 66-23 (52/46). The results of the difference test in average revealed that there is a significant difference between women's sexual satisfaction based on their own education and that of their spouses, their own employment and that of their spouses, their own age and that of their spouses, the number of children, the age gap between couples, and the amount of their family's income. However regarding the duration of marriage and having children, no significant difference was observed in women's sexual satisfaction. As a general conclusion, beyond whether women are employed or not, having financial asset allows women to have agency in the social domain and they can take measures to create sexual satisfaction and increase it in their married life..

Deprivation is associated with the lack of privileges as well as social rewards; therefore it affects the quality of life and health of the society due to its impact on the individual as well as the society. Due to living in the informal suburbs of the city and encountering the norms governing these neighborhoods, women living in the foresaid area have experienced continuous and interminable sufferings in their personal and family life, as well as the neighborhood network, hence they have lived with deprivation; however, they have always remained silent. Applying the qualitative and phenomenological approach based on the scientific process, this study aims to pay attention to this vulnerable group. Furthermore, applying semi-structured interviews, it also aims to analyze and interpret deprivation from various dimensions in the family and the neighborhood by focusing on the experiences of 25 women living in the informal settlement of Al-Teymor in Mashhad. Based on the content of the conducted interviews, it was indicated that women have experienced deprivations in terms of the network of social relations, social power and dignity, and finally access to resources and opportunities. Social interaction is the main and constructive pillar of social life; however, according to the findings of the research, the foresaid women had cold interactions in the family, especially with their husbands, and referred to the lack of intimate, positive and equal emotional relationship. They generally have a weak role in decision-making because their needs and interests are ignored or their husbands imposed restrictions on them. Moreover, they have often witnessed their husbands breaking the commitments of their marital life. At the level of the neighborhood and the neighborhood network, they have also experienced and suffered embarrassment and weakness in interactions affected by mistrust and dishonesty. The results of the research indicated that due to the acceptance of the existing unwritten rules in maintaining patriarchal patterns, women have experienced inequality in enjoying power regarding power relations and social status. They have always had an inferior position and received a small share of respect in the family. In addition to what has been mentioned, the lack of services and facilities in the place of residence, the lack of income and expenses of the family in the current economic conditions, as well as the imposed obstacles or restrictions conducted by the spouse in accessing or using the limited and available opportunities, are grounds for the deprivation and dissatisfaction of women. Hence, under these conditions, they are immersed in merely carrying out daily routines and are stopped from improving their capabilities. These findings were discussed and analyzed in the following article and corresponding practical implications were presented to improve the situation.