نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 55 (بهار 1402)

Persian poems are important from a cultural and sociological point of view, along with literary influence and message delivery. Due to the formalization of Shia religion from the Safavid period, this government took advantage of the existence of the Razavi court in Iran to expand its religious policies and encouraged poets to write religious praises. The poets of this period, in addition to praising the eighth Imam(pbuh), have also reflected the social situation, buildings and customs of the time, which is important from the point of view of the history of the development of Shia in Persian literature. In Razavi's praises during the Safavid period, some qualities of the shrine of the eighth Imam(pbuh) are mentioned, such as: tiling, perfumes, lighting of the shrine, various services of the shrine of Razavi, etc., which are in accordance with historical documents. Among them, the most content of Razavi's praises is about the brightness and fragrance of the Holy Shrine, which is completely consistent with the intention of the founders and the number of Razavi's dedication letters to allocate these two things in the 10th to 12th centuries. The quality of the pilgrimage and the description of the pilgrims and the shrine of Razavi during this period are reflected in the praises of Razavi by Saeb Tabrizi and Ashraf Mazandarani. In spite of these references, the poets of this period paid more attention to generalities along with imagination and imagery in composing these poems, and there are less detailed descriptions about Razavi's shrine in their poems.

Ghanaian poems are one of the most beautiful and fascinating fiction parts of literature, which has been able to be liked and liked by the general public with the centrality of love and the glorious language of poetry. It is known as the greatest story of Persian lyric poetry. One of the pillars of Persian poetry, he has been skilled in arranging his poems, describing houses and the character of powerful works. Ghani Lily and Majnoon compose similar Ghanaian poems. This research is regulated in a descriptive-analytical manner and library method, and the author intends to study and compare the lyrical system of Ghani Lily and Majnoon with the most famous love stories of Balochi, Hani and Shimerid. The system dates back to the reign of Rendan Baloch in the 15th and 16th centuries and is about five hundred years old. In this study, the author intends to carefully examine and analyze this poem with the military lyrical system, to reveal the beauties hidden in the work of this Baluchi love poem.

Analyzing ancient works of Persian literature, most contents and themes of poems were the subject of speech, and the structure of poems, the relationship of speech components were less investigated. A poet communicates with nature and its beyond according to the technique and forms his mental structure with it. The current paper investigates and compares analogy and classifies its different structures in Hadighe Sana'ee and the first notebook of Masnavi Mulana, according to the analytical_ descriptive method and by the use of statistical surveys. Comparing the frequency of various forms of analogy in Hadighe Sana'ee and Masnavi Mulavi represents which structures and elements did Sana'ee and Mulana use in their educational style to achieve their goals. According to the findings, a kind of analogies, reasonable _to _sensible, in Masnavi and another kind of analogies, sensible _to_ sensible, in Hadighe have been frequently used. In other classification, a collective analogy in Hadighe and subtracted analogy in Masnavi have been frequently used after the eloquent analogy, the most frequent one in Hadighe and Masnavi. Natural phenomena in both works have been mostly used elements in analogized words, as well. This can be influenced by the common naturalism in mysticism and Sufism, which in many cases also considers nature to have a soul and movement. one of the most frequent analogized word in these two works, is the term "human" and the most frequent word analogized to, is the term " water". This similarity is significant and it is worth investigating.

Iranian society in the Qajar era, on the verge of the constitution was under the tyrannical state and was an oppressed society, and the confrontation with the West – the civilized and powerful “other”, he revealed the depth of backwardness and disorder of this country and he reflected the ignorant and unconscious “self” of Iranians in front of their eyes. With his works and articles, Mirza MalkumKhan the intellectual of pre-constitutional period, had a great contribution in stimulating and turning people's thoughts to the “other” and passing through himself. He tried to revive the dying society of Iran by laying the groundwork for changing Qajar discourse and establishing the discourse of democracy. The main question of this article is how “self” and “other” has been reflected in Malkum's writings and the effect of his approach on the formation of Iranian cultural identity. The present study shows that by adopting political mechanisms while exposing the internal situation of the country and explicitly criticizing the current situation, Malkum also tries to marginalize and eliminate the long-standing monarchy discourse in Iran to highlight the European discourse and   promoting and developing position “the other” to deals with the West and the culture and manifestations of Western civilization, and the efforts of his works are engaged in establishing a liberal, law-abiding discourse through self-elimination and acceptance of “other”. In this research, “self” and “other” from Malkum's point of view are read by studying his collection of works and using the descriptive and analytical-historical methods.

Grotesque is a pseudo-literary and artistic comic in which the writer or the teller derides abnormalities with an unpleasant and disgusting and funny exaggerated one. Grotesque elements create a dual space in a literary and artistic work and create a structure that combines opposing thoughts. Grotesque both absorbs and repulses, makes laugh and scares at the same time. Grotesque typically depicts human beings in an exaggerated and crafted way and behaves with regular structures such as time, cause and effect, and logic as if they were otherwise possible. Bahram Sadeghi and Gholam Hossein Sa'edi are among the impressive writers of the 1340s in Iran who picture the life of middle class people after the failure of the coup d'état of 1332. Sadeghi and Sa'edi have both studied psychiatry. Sadeghi and Sa'edi’s originality is in displaying and analyzing the distressed mind of man and showing his psychic conflicts and so they create stories with Grotesque atmosphere. In this paper, while addressing the reasons and the grounds for creating the Grotesque space in the works of these two writers, Grotesque elements of Gholam Hossein Sa'edi's fictional works and the collection of the stories named Trench and the Empty Tanks and Heaven, the long story of Bahram Sadeghi, are studied based on Philip Thompson's theory and the similarities and differences of these two authors are depicted. According to this study, Grotesque elements are more frequent in Sa'edi’s works than those of Sadeghi’s as there are 216 elements in Sa'edi’s works and 75 elements in Sadeghi’s.

Although annihilation literally means destruction, but in the path of mysticism, it is a high level of knowledge that is manifested in the presence of a friend, and in the words of Abolhassan Kharghani: "A friend, when he comes with a friend, sees just friend, does not see himself." Mystics, theoretical and practical, have addressed this issue. Exciting anecdotes have been narrated from the great mystics, each of which reveals their credibility as well as the true meaning of annihilation. After a detailed search in the wonderful world of mystics and finding examples of theories of mystics and experts in their definitions and interpretations on the subject of annihilation, and then finding illustrative examples of anecdotes and practical experiences of annihilation quoted in authentic mystical books and texts Yes, we have turned to the sun's lyric poems. Rumi's spontaneity is a manifestation of annihilation that ranges from the selection of percussion and melodic weights, repeated intermediate rhymes, breaking the rules of language and even the form of poetry, small and large language and poetic norms, paradoxical expression, to creating spaces. Includes eerie and so-called surreal. We looked for examples of each of these effects in Rumi's sonnets and placed them in a regular category. The narrator of Rumi's sonnets confronts annihilation in three positions: conscious, semi-conscious and unconscious. The conscious narrator of the sonnets consciously and logically speaks of annihilation and educates the disciples, and in a theoretical sense, speaks of annihilation and reveals its conditions and details. The half-conscious narrator of these sonnets is in a state of fascination and perdition, but he has not completely lost it yet; Knows and speaks of his wisdom with a fascinated state; In fact, sparks of his subconscious shine in the middle of consciousness. But the unconscious narrator of Rumi's sonnets narrates the unspoken and abandoned, unselfish and mortal, impossible and lost moment of presence and meeting. It is the unconscious release of the narrator who speaks. It is in these moments that the singer of Shams's lyric poems encounters wonderful and unprecedented moments; Moments full of astonishment, and confusing. I am the narrator in these third type narratives; Because individuality and in other words: Rumi's personal experiences are expressed in this section. Finally, a surprising variety is created in Shams's sonnets, which includes some of Rumi's norm-breaking in form, weight, rhyme and language.

Medicine and philosophy are two branches of science that have been associated since the beginning of the presence; an accompaniment that began in both sciences under the influence of the way of thinking or policy of the earlier civilizations in a preliminary form and continued passing through many ups and downs until the present time. This feature was more prominent in Iranian-Islamic medicine due to the impressionability out of ancient civilizations, especially Greece, or the political and social conditions, which brought together philosophers and experts in the rational and medicine sciences due to the coercion in those periods at a piece of time and place and its result was a legacy that lost its former glory with the Mongol invasion, the policies of the Safavid Era and its consequences, but its sparks remained enlightened in the works of Iranian-Islamic scientists, physicians and experts, who immigrated to India. Among these works, we can mention the book "Treatments of DaraShokouhi" by Noureddine Hakim Ein al-Mulk Shirazi, which owes the medicine mixed with the ancient philosophy and a combination of Indian medicine.The present research, which has been prepared and compiled in a descriptive-analytical manner using library sources, attempts to investigate the philosophical chapters in the medical book of Treatments of DaraShokouhi while mentioning some aspects of the alignment of medicine and philosophy.

The linguistic characteristics of the literature of nations in various diverse and literary forms reflect the special infrastructure, the main constituents of their culture and literature. Meanwhile, giant species and epic species flourish along with other types, the cycle and the centrality of their literary language, and maintains a special place for reflection of the author's thoughts and thoughts and behaviors. Since the phenomena of the authors of this type of text and the sensitivity of the attendance of their authors in the text can not be denied, the examination of the position of the author and the influence of the angle of the meeting in the text can reveal the vague points of the writings. "I am rich" or expressing the emotional and emotional character of the author in the rich and romantic texts, represents a representation of unconscious secrets from the author's intrinsic view to the various subjects around him. Since the phenomena of the authors of this type of text and the sensitivity of the attendance of their authors in the text can not be denied, the examination of the position of the author and the influence of the angle of the meeting in the text can reveal the vague points of the writings. The infrastructure of "my individual and my love", "my social", "my moral", and even the mystical and mythological forms, each of which expresses the exact pattern of the author's mind to the reader, and in an involuntary and unconscious way, the author's mentality to persuade the reader Guides. In the epic texts, the author and the presence of "my individual" and "his poetic self", though apparently not positioned, but in the underlying structures of the narrative and reporting of the pseudonymous and historic text of the text, the writer's burrow into his inner feelings and norms Willfulness can be seen in various forms. The supreme advocate of the "myths" of the heroes and heroes and their defenses and their frontiers in confronting the pole of malice and misdeeds, the sacrifice of national and patriotic honors, and even ethnicity against the aliens, ... Values ​​and Values National and nationalist thoughts portray a saga in connection with his emotions and emotions, although the narrative tale of the story has a background and background beyond the mind and the language of the author. Since Ferdowsi's "Shahnam", as well as "Divan Hafiz" of Shirazi, are considered to be perfect examples of two types of epic and richness, the investigator of the measure of the presence of the "hero of the Liric", or the "poetic myth", is represented by the representation "I have voluntarily" an epic manifestation in an adaptive manner in these two epic and Persian epics.

Mystical prose is considered as a more accurate source for analyzing the components of the language of mysticism than poetry due to the presence of greater self-awareness. Many of the norms of this language, though seemingly in the service of expressing complex and unspeakable truths; But it is not entirely disconnected from the features of slang. This connection is deeper and more obvious in the literary form of "speech". Ahmad Jami is one of the speakers whose works are speeches that are then included in the text. The language of his works is simple and often focused on the vernacular.In the present article, an attempt has been made to identify and analyze the similarities and connections between these two languages in the works of Ahmad Jam, using a descriptive-analytical method, taking into account the characteristics of the language of mysticism and slang. For this purpose, the six texts of Ahmad Jam Majalis were read and close components in these two languages were extracted along with its evidence. Findings show that among the characteristics of the language of mysticism are melodicity, narration, de-familiarization, ambiguity and closeness to the language of the people in the forms of speech writing with characteristics such as poetry and proverb, allegory and anecdote, phonetic and grammatical aberration, Irony and specific dialect words and expressions are applicable in the vernacular. In addition, the clarity of tone in the language of Sheikh Jam, which is full of a sense of compassion, sharpness, biting and distress, is affected by the clarity and clarity that is more pronounced in slang than in other levels of the language.

The myth of Kaveh the Blacksmith in Shahnameh has specific signs, practices and actions which make the functions of the myth of this character. Given the overall similarity of the tale of Zahhak and Fereydun-in which Kaveh the Blacksmith has played a crucial role-to the historical narration of Babylon conquer written by Herodotus, Xenophon and Ctesias in the history of the Achaemenid Empire, reminds us of signs, practices and actions of Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru) who was the Cyrus the Achaemenid’s confederate.This thesis aims to examine and compare Kaveh the Blacksmith’s most important functions in narration of Shahnameh since his appearance in the tale of Zahhak and Fereydun with Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru), the Cyrus the Achaemenid’s confederate during Babylon’s conquer based upon available historical documents and reports. The present research is of analytic-comparative nature on the basis of library data which tries to demonstrate a similarity between the character functions in the myth and an evidence in the history. This comparison may result in a redefinition of Kaveh the Blacksmith’s character and of some of his functions in Shahnameh.For instance, regarding the historical and religious sources, one may examine his being a blacksmith as his title instead of his occupation. Furthermore, this analogy may help doubt the idea that Kaveh the Blacksmith is considered as popular and supplementary, suggested by some mythologists including Arthur Christensen, Mehrdad Bahar and Zabihollah Safa.

The study of the structure of texts has a hundred-year history, which is one of the ways to know literary texts. The proverbial story is better known as a narrative literary text such as fairy tales and tales in this way. Materials and methods of studying myths can be used to identify its components. The structural methods of Propp, Grimas, Dundes, and Campbell are used to identify stories, tales, and myths. It may also be appropriate for a proverbial story. In the meantime, Vladimir Propp's method better explains the structure of the proverbial story. Therefore, using his theory, one hundred proverbial stories are studied. Functions are examined as main and fixed components and characters as variable components of the narrative. In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of the structural model are studied based on scientific methods. The degree of conformity of the pattern used with the structure of the proverbial story is also analyzed. Finally, by reducing the research materials and tools, a concise model is obtained that is suitable for recognizing and analyzing the story of proverbs. Analyzing the story of proverbs in this way is a step to identify and compare it with other narrative constructs in order to find its structure. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the working method is to analyze the structure and content of the material extracted from the available library resources. The results indicate a coherent structure in most proverbial stories that can be useful for other fields of humanities such as psychology and anthropology.

Patriotism is a phenomenon that has had a special impact on contemporary literature in the last century. Aref Qazvini and Farrokhi Yazdi are examples of contemporary poets whose patriotism has a special effect. Tajik poetry also needs to breathe new life of national pride and patriotism due to the invasion of foreign nations and years of communist rule in order to help the Tajik people maintain national unity and achieve development. Layeq Shir Ali is the national poet of Tajikistan and one of the most prominent figures of patriotic poetry, who has shown his love for his homeland in his poems. The present article uses a descriptive method with a content analysis approach to study the analysis of the reflection of patriotic ideas in the poems worthy of the patriotic poet Shir Ali. Various aspects of patriotism in worthy poetry include mentioning the glorious past of the Tajik people, the importance of Persian as a mother tongue, being influenced by the Shahnameh, calling for peace, and cosmopolitan ideas. Has examined worthy poems and has come to the conclusion that worthy patriotic thoughts have deep humanitarian roots. Worthy, he wants peace, progress, equality and peaceful coexistence of all nations of the world, and this ideal will be achieved when every human being realizes his own inherent values; Therefore, the need for world peace from the worthy point of view of Shir Ali is self-knowledge and individual self-awareness.

self Criticism is the tendency to self-evaluate in which a writer, whether a writer or a poet, evaluates his attitude, personality, and even his work. In literary point of view, self-criticism helps the poet to present his work in a more desirable way and to add to its richness; because self-criticism provides the owner with a better insight into possible and necessary changes as well as the achievements of the work. In this article, we intend to examine self-criticism in Saadi's works. For this purpose, in the first part, we will have a brief look at criticism and self-criticism, and in the second part, poems by Saadi are criticized and analyzed based on this method. In this analysis, it is examined what kind of motivations Saadi uses. How spontaneity and other motivations are crystallized in Saadi's works. This research has been done by descriptive analysis and based on library studies and the results show that Both types of self-criticism are seen in Saadi's works. Emotions and feelings, expressing literary skills and expressing Saadi's incapacity and inability with his language, are the most important components of Saadi's spontaneity in self-criticism and human factors and external environment are the causes of his other self-motivation in his critique.

The symbols of happiness and hope as two interconnected signs that always affect the form and meaning of human life and character, have been a subject of reflection in all human cultures. Rumi is a happy and hopeful human being according to what can be obtained from his works, especially the sonnets of Shams. In this article, the two signs of happiness and hope, not only as signs that indicate conventional and personal meanings; Rather, it serves as the center of a spectrum of various symptoms that are somehow associated with happiness and are considered to be the factors that cause it. The main issue of this article is to show the range and semantic spectra of happiness and hope. This issue has been formed according to the assumption that the abundance of dancing weights and the turbulent tone and joy of love in Rumi's sonnets probably expresses a meaning beyond what is received from the two signs of joy and hope. Thus, it is necessary to represent these spectrums and the semantic auras that result from them, and the "purpose" of the authors is to represent the breadth of thought and the depth of Rumi's emotion in this regard. The data of the research, which have been analyzed and described by a qualitative method, show that Rumi has maintained his happy spirit in almost all moments of life and in every mental condition and in every encounter with environmental phenomena, and has not left a circle of despair. Sit on the face of his life.

The meaning of songs and compositions, the type of performance and the history of their formation are among the topics that have occupied the minds of many researchers. Some people combine the two categories and call the types of songs songs, while there is a lot of difference in the way they are performed. Or from the point of view of some scholars and poets, two-bit, quatrain, piece and maybe short sonnet are also called songs, and from their point of view, it is the only short form of the song that separates it from ode, Masnavi, sonnet and other forms of poetry. The late Queen of Spring Poets, who is the founder of stylistics, considered ballad to be a type of local syllable poem that was common in pre-Islamic Iran and did not differentiate between poetry and ballad, and each poem, especially in the ridiculous seas of ridicule. They have used the place of ballad and on the other hand, they have made the song lower than the poem and lyric and the masters of art have also recorded them less; While the existence of Fahlaviyat shows that the song is older than poetry. In this article, by examining the characteristics of songs and compositions, we distinguish them as much as possible and provide the correct meaning of these two categories. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method  (library).

The simile is at the top of the expression style, in that way the most obvious forms of imagination is the simile element that the most used  in all times. Paying attention to the analogy in contemporary poetry has also been one of the most important principles in the poetry of poets of sustainability literature that is the best expressed. Thinking and reflecting on the work of sacred defense(Nasrollah Mardani, Ali Moallem, Tahereh Safarzadeh, Fatemeh Rakei) poets somehow it opens the way to understanding imitation of these people  and the other hand it shows the ingenuity of these poets. In fact ,the metaphorical structures in a poet’s poetry are among the first components that reflect this change. The similes have the specific place in the poetry of this period and many of them have mystical roots. In fact the most poets of sacred defense in expression in analogy in his poem have used tangible and material elements and the use of abstract elements in making similes has become commonplace. This article is a descriptive_ analytical study based on library data examine the simile element in Ashura poetry of sacred defense poets.

Becoming familiar with women’s manner and behavior is a collective matter so it needs to understand sociology. Durkheim presents symbolic interaction theory by the appearance of collective conscience and claims that human society is passing the stages of development toward progression and pluralism by physical and ethical density. Identity conflict is individual state but it is reflection of collective life of social and structural values and reflection of collective issues. The aim of conducting this study is the investigation of social values which are reflected in the manner and behavior of women in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh according to the sociological approach of Emile Durkheim that was written with regard to women’s identity, marriage, and hijab. The research method is descriptive-analytical-and comparative in this study. The finding of this research demonstrated that women play different roles in their lives based on their feminine identity in different sections of life in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Some of the Ferdowsi’s views that are reflected in his poems are in harmony with Durkheim’s view as both of them consider women and men equally. According to social interactionism theory it can be said that social factors such as education, social classes, the amount of using mass media are aligned with Shahnameh ;however, rationalism with early marriage or baseless marriage such as marrying with near relatives has the opposite relationship. Also factors like traditional family, distrust of parental family and gender inequality has direct relationship with early and baseless relationship.

Positive psychology is a new approach to psychology was invented by Martin Seligman, based on recognizing the abilities and empowering them in human beings instead of discovering the soul and internal diseases. These abilities come from virtues. Positive psychology divides these virtues into six general ones, and “Courage” is one of these virtues in positivist psychology. This approach of psychology has a special attention to optimism and considers it as its most important principle and believes that the discovery of mental illnesses and trying to cure it, regardless of its positive inner abilities, is a type of pessimism that leads to pessimism. The inside of man makes more open. Thus, a positive psychologist seeks the characteristics, virtues and abilities of people, and counts inner virtues as six virtues, of which courage is one of them. This article is entitled: "Courage in Al-Mutanabbi Poetry from a Positive Psychological Perspective". This research providing a psychological definition on the virtue of courage and its types, to the sources of that virtue such as honesty, endeavor and perseverance, resilience and toughness, risk-taking and flexibility in Al-Mutanabbi poems by relying on descriptive-analytical method, in order to expand the interdisciplinary researches, and provide a new gate for literature researchers. This research has evaluated Al-Mutanabbi as a brave and an optimist person.

Focusing on form and high lighting it has changed in to an advantage for postmodernist authors. The meaning of Form in this trend refers to the format of stating or meaning making method. In this style all the preperations  that  are  at  the service  of  developing  a new and original form of  representing   meaning  are  considered  as  the inner aspect  of the  form  and the way  words are  written  on the paper،  playing  with words، repetition  and so on are considered as the outer  aspect  of  the form. Focusing on the outer form sometimes causes the writer to tend to words the formation with an inexcusable excess and to fail to express meaning. Therefore  in  contemporary  criticism، the study and analysis of  technics  of  innovations that theauthor  uses  for  postmodernism  meaning  making uses  for  postmodernism  meaning  making  have  been  at  the  center of attention.The purpose of this article is to examine the innovative semantic tricks in Amirkhani's "Bivatan". Based on this, recognizing the type of forms and novel forms used in “bivatan” and their effects on the meaning and deepening of content have been the main questions of this research. Examining the  elements of the forms and analyzing their roles in highlighting the themes of the story shows that Amirkhani's method was not merely apparent modernization, and he gave a special and thought-provoking depth to the content of the text by dynamically defamiliarizing and highlighting the form.

Minimalism art school as one of the literary schools deals with the expression of short story situations in prose texts. With the development of diverse approaches to poetic relations and relationships in society, this school also significantly demonstrated itself in poetry. Therefore, it is not only possible to discover examples of it in poetry, but it is also possible to achieve the glory of a story content presented in a concise verbal form in a short theme. In the present research, descriptive-analytical method and library method (studies of books and theses) have been utilized to clarify the concepts. Taking into account the current research and reflecting on Shafiei Kadkani's poems, it can be noticed that his poetry, in addition to holding content values and values and expressing teachings, opens a political and social moral chapter to the study of minimal poetry, which is worthy of reflection. The single character of time and limited space, realist tendency and the expression of human concerns, which are minimal components, have a strong presence in his poetry. Hence, in the present study, we aim to criticize his poems and thoughts based on the extensive relationships and relations of minimalism and its numerous characteristics, which examples such as minimalism simplicity and avoidance, and the challenges and concerns of contemporary man are its most outstanding achievements. The findings of this research in Shafiei Kadkani's poems are indicative of the fact that the poems of Shafiei Kadkani strongly tend to be small in volume, to be minimalism, to avoid linguistic distortions, to turn to realism, and to express attractive and refreshing thoughts. This research seeks to investigate the effect and position of minimal in the poems of the prominent contemporary poet Shafiei Kadkani.

Alizadeh, which has always been considered by critics and readers of fiction since its publication in 1991. This novel, which is dealt with in a realistic style, deserves to be studied and analyzed with various approaches. The present article has undertaken the study of its theme from the point of view of reflection and contrast between tradition and modernism and has tried to study and analyze its content in a descriptive and analytical way in terms of author's confrontation with the category of tradition and modernity. The findings of the article show that while depicting the evolution of the traditional society in which the Idrisis' house is a symbol, the author tries to draw the image and function of totalitarian systems as a symbol of modernity in the inner layers of the story.The author portrays the fate of the characters in the text of the struggles of an evolving period with fluent and enlightened prose and realistic partial writing to show that the path of modernity and the emergence of change in traditional societies without the gradual evolution of these societies and the lack of strong intellectual currents can lead to the establishment of totalitarian authoritarian regimes.

One concept of lyrical literature in contemporary period which influenced thoughts and languages of speakers of it , is political and social complaints. Focusing on such concepts, many poets talked about instabilities and challenges of that period. This article will examine reasons for the importance of contemporary period and poets’ poems in this period which focuses on political and social issues.This article will also examine social and political complaints in the poems of Parviz Khanlari and Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi;two famous poets of contemporary period. Parviz Khanlari is among contemporary poets who couldn’t refer to political and social problems in his poems because of his political and social position, but he included such problems in his poems implicitly. Social sufferings, objection to anti-values, political repression and absence of freedom are among the concepts included in his anthology of poems. Hamidi is also one of the skilled poets who is capable of referring to political and social issues and complaints against his country’s instabilities. He included political and social issues and complaints in his “Salhaye siah” anthology. In this collection, he referred to people’s pains and problems, inefficiency of the government, brutality of Pahlavi Regime, starvation and superiority of plunderers. This article will examine political and social complaints in a descriptive and analytical manner in the poems of referring poets.

The present research seeks to demonstrate that Julian Barnes in his “The Noise of Time” (2016) and Bozorge Alavi in “Her Eyes” (1998) have devoted meticulous attention to the emancipatory function of art as a truth generator. Both novelists, obsessed with the socio-political concerns in their writings, represent the confrontation between the subject and subjugation. The key claim is that these novelists deem militant art as one of the pivotal modes of disagreement with power wherein the subject-artist recognises the evental significance of art via a rupture and in his dialectics of subjectivisation manifests fidelity to this event through and through. Dimitri Shostakovich, the protagonist of “The Noise of Time”, preserves his personal and artistic integrity in struggle with Stalinist power despite the fact that some label him as a traitor. The master painter Makan, the hero of the novel “Her Eyes”, portrays the sufferings of the afflicted peasants oppressed by tyranny and injustice in his art gallery, and ultimately death terminates his militant life in exile. The theoretical basis of this comparative research is interdisciplinary, within a post-Marxist reading, and employs Alain Badiou’s core concepts including conditions, art as truth generator, dialectics, rupture, subject and subjectivisation, and the event.

The foundation of the universe is based on an aura of hidden secrets that makes the seeker face great challenges in the valley of mysticism and leads him step by step in this destination with bright lights lit by the light of knowledge. Undoubtedly, the result of his encounter with the hidden secrets of the universe will be "astonishment". His helplessness and inability in the circle of wandering until he reaches discovery, intuition and revelation, knowledge and destruction will not be achieved, and the seeker is always seeking to increase his astonishment, and the example of this famous saying of the Prophet (PBUH) is that the master of astonishment is the sixth door of mysticism. It will connect the seeker on the turbulent path of love and truth to the essence of infinite truth.Many mystics have spoken about the position of wonder and its role in creating deep thoughts in different ways. In Masnavi, Rumi has a deep and romantic view of wonder, and he does not look at it with the eyes of only one path, but considers it one of the most important paths in the mystical journey to connect with the beloved. In order to reach self-realization and God-realization, one must go through the mysticism of astonishment, and perhaps, in a sense, the thirty lovebirds are astounded by the astonishment that create Simorgh (Simorgh) in the back alleys of the seven cities

Archeology is one the most important approaches to ancient culture and its reconstruction and re-creation. In the contemporary period in which the phenomenon of globalization has exposed nations to crises, with an archaic approach, self-awareness, cultural and national identity can be achieved .Saadi's works are one of the important sources of research on the components of ancient Iranian culture  and the research findings indicate that creating ontological security, explaining moral virtues, healing the sense of inferiority in the face of the invasion of foreign nations, criticizing the ruling style of the time, the image of an ideal society, stimulating national pride and epic spirit, reviving identity cultural and national are the main goals of Saadi archeology. also, Saadi never goes back to antiquity and does not seek to replace ancient culture with Islamic culture, rather, his archeology is a textbook of Iranian culture and literature. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its unit is the verses and phrases related to archeology in Saadi's works and the collection of information is library.