نشریه مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Innovation is a strategy to achieve economic, social and environmental goals that includes the production, dissemination and translation of knowledge and technology in the use of new resources and processes. The purpose of this study was to review the system of innovation and research and development in agriculture in Argentina. The research method was the use of best evidence, which is an intermediate method between the two methods of writing systematic review articles and narrative review. The results showed that in 2020, Argentina was ranked 80th in the world in the overall innovation index with a score of 28.33. The country ranked 97th in organizing, 120th in market sophistications, 75th in knowledge and technology outputs, 71st in creative outputs, and 61st in business sophistications. Argentina had the best performance in human capital and research and the weakest in market sophistications. 14% of all patents, 21% of scientific journals and 17% of citations belonged to the agricultural sector. Effective international cooperation and powerful private associations were strengths and Axis supply, weak monitoring mechanism and innovation gap in different regions were among the weaknesses of the innovation system in Argentina. Establishing a network of Iranian researchers and scholars abroad in order to make the best use of their capacity, as was the case in Argentine agriculture, can lead to the development of science and technology in the agricultural sector of Iran.

One of the most important and effective issues in the future of agricultural technologies is how to deal with climate and environmental changes. Todays, the problem of reducing available water is a threat not only to Iran but also to the whole world. But in the meantime, the countries of the Middle East, including Iran, have a more meaningful share of this threat of drought. According to the published statistics, the share of water consumption per capita in the agricultural sector is much higher than in the urban and industrial sectors. Water consumption share in this sector is announced up to 91%. Meanwhile, the global average amount of water consumption in the agricultural sector is less than 70%. Therefore, it is necessary to provide solutions for reforming agricultural systems that use little water or are suitable for water shortage conditions. Mechanization, as a developmental stage of any cultivation, can lead to corrective agricultural systems suitable for water crisis conditions. In this research, at first, developed agricultural systems were described which aim to reduce water consumption. The position of mechanization in agricultural systems, including sustainable and conservation agriculture, was investigated. In the following, mechanization studies and indicators including water and energy productivity and water supply cost were discussed in the case of water shortage-mechanization crisis. In a sustainable agricultural system, the use of modern, intelligent, and suitable equipment for Iran's conditions, along with the development of modern irrigation methods, can greatly contribute to the water shortage crisis.

The mechanical parameters of soil have been used in several different perspectives to describe the mechanical behaviors of the soil-dynamic loads interaction, and Becker's equation is one of the most common methods. In this study, the effect of the speed of soil deformation and the load on wheel on the three parameters of the soil deformation equation as well as the deformation energy for soil deformation have been investigated. The tests were performed in the soil bin environment using a single-wheel tester and a Bevameter. Forward speeds of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 km/h as well as three vertical load levels of 2, 2.5, and 3 kN on the wheel for two different sizes of rectangular pressure plates, were selected. Each test was repeated three times. A same exponential behavior was observed for pressure-sinkage changes in all combinations of load and speed, which progress almost parallel to each other. Based on the research observations, among the three parameters n, Kc and Kφ, both the forward velocity and the load on the wheel have a significant effect at 1% level on the two parameters kc and Kφ. While, the changes of the n parameter are independent of different levels of load and forward velocity. On the other hand, the load-velocity interaction effect was not significant. With the increase of vertical load, resulted in soil compaction, an increasing trend was observed for the energy of penetration of plates into the soil. The speed of penetration of plates showed a direct relationship with the amount of deformation energy. Velocity at 5% level has a significant impact on the soil deformation energy.

The study is to develop technical knowledge of the application of some planting methods, introduce new planting arrangements and eliminate the traditional methods. The interactions of planting blades and soil were modeled using Abaqus 6.12 software and the plate sinkage test. In this simulation, soil is considered as an elasto-plastic body with two criteria: Mohr-Columbus, Drucker-Prager where plowing effect considered as compressive force. The linear work performance monitoring system improves the efficiency of planting operations by providing online feedback from the working conditions of seed driller parts. To monitor the performance of the machine, some cameras on the distributors and a camera instead of a marker were used. This experiment was performed in the farm of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan with sandy-loamy tissue at a moisture level of 15%. Planter furrowers were in six types: b1: v-shaped, b2: u-shaped, b3: inverted t, b4: two-plate v-shaped, b5: cross-shaped, and b6: tulip-shaped. Soil compaction is known as a complex and multidimensional problem involving the interaction of soil and machine. In the process of planting by seed driller, the issues such as failures of seed distribution systems, emptying of the seed container, etc., can occur widely. The modeling results with Abacus software showed that the Drucker-Prager behavioral model with a correlation coefficient of 93% had a higher agreement than the Mohr-Columb model with a coefficient of 63%. The amount of stress and displacement in the layers close to the load surface was high. It decreased from upper to lower layers.

More than 80% of the Iran corn seeds are produced in the Moghan region. One of the challenges in seed corn production is harvesting corn cobs with tractor pulled and self-propelled picker husker compared to manual method, which in recent years affects the quality of seeds produced in the country. In 2020, this study was conducted to evaluate the methods of harvesting hybrid maize 704 cultivar seeds in Pars agriculture and animal husbandry industry. The experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments included: 1) Cob harvesting with self-propelled harvester 2) Harvesting with tractor pulled picker husker 3) Manual cob harvesting. The technical and agronomic parameters included the percentage of seed moisture at harvest time, effective field capacity, harvester capacity and measuring the corn cob losses. For economic evaluation, partial budgeting method (benefit-to-cost ratio) was used. The results showed that the maximum and minimum farm capacities for the self-propelled and tractor pulled harvesters were 1.26 and 0.25 ha h-1, respectively. The lowest and highest total losses in the field were 3.8% and 5.4%, respectively, related to harvest by manual method and self-propelled harvester. The results of economic analysis showed that the final efficiency of replacing the application of self-propelled harvester with other treatments is more than 80.13%. Net profit and variable costs of using this harvester were estimated at 191.9 and 91.6 million Rials, respectively, which increased by 6.30% and 10.04%, compared to the tractor pulled picker and manual harvesting, respectively.

Soybean cultivation has an important among oilseeds due to the biological fixation of nitrogen by creating symbiosis with rhizobium bacteria. It is one of the important plants as sources of protein and oil supply. In the traditional methods, seed impregnation is done manually, which increases energy consumption and labor costs, and wastes the time between seed impregnation and planting. In hot regions, by time waste also most rhizobium-producing bacteria might be lost. In this research, a system for direct spraying of inoculum solution on a four-row pneumatic crop planter (8 lines) was designed and constructed and evaluated in laboratory conditions. The experiments were in the form of a randomized complete block design and in factorial form. Two factors were forward speed (with three levels of 3.6, 5.2 and 7.2 km/h) and nozzle flow rate (with three levels of 200, 300 and 400 ml/min) in three replications. The results showed that the average seed coverage percentage was 88.11%; the forward speeds of 3.6 and 5.2 km/h with 89.7% and 88.7% were preferable to the forward speed of 7.2 km/h with a coverage percentage of 84.8 percent. The output flow rate of the nozzles did not show a significant difference on the percentage of unplanted and few planted seeds. However, the effect of forward speeds of 7.2 and 5.2 compared to 3.6 km/h increased these percentages. Uniformity of seed planting at two speeds of 3.6 and 5.2 km/h, did not show a statistically significant difference with 90.9 and 88.5%, respectively, but with 7.2 km/h was significant at the level of 5%. In general, with increasing forward speed, the uniformity of seed planting was decreased. Therefore, the use of a pneumatic row crop planter equipped with an inoculum spraying system was recommended due to the reduction in the percentage of no-planting and low multiple plantings, and also proper coverage of the inoculum and uniformity of spraying.