فصلنامه دانش و پژوهش در روانشناسی کاربردی
پیاپی 90 (زمستان 1401)

The present study aimed to compare the effects of group education of academic vitality, positivism, and time perspective on academic engagement and academic vitality of ninth-grade male students in Isfahan. This study was a quasi-experimental research with a four-group three-stage design. The statistical population of the study included ninth-grade male students in the academic year of 2020-2021.  The sample size included 72 ninth- grade students who were selected by purposeful sampling method. Data measurement tools included Academic Engagement Questionnaire (Fredericks, Blumenfeld & Paris, 2004) and Academic Vitality Questionnaire (Dehghanizadeh & Huseinchari, 2013).  Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. These analyzes were performed using SPSS-22 software. The results revealed a significant difference among the groups in the scores of academic engagement and scores of academic vitality in the studied methods (P <0.05). School counselors and psychologists who want to improve students' academic engagement and vitality are recommended to use workshops on the effectiveness of educational vitality, positivism, and time perspective as much as possible.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and emotional labor with respect to the mediating role of psychological hardiness in hospital staff in Khorram-Abad. The research design was a relational, the type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all employees of Khorram-Abad hospitals in 1398 who were working full time, from which 224 people were finally selected as a sample by multi-stage random sampling method which responded to the Emotional labor Questionnaires by Diefendorff et al. (2005), Psychological Capital Questionnaires of Luthans et al. (2007) and the psychological hardiness Questionnaires of Kobasa et al. (1982). The analysis method was quantitative which was performed using SPSS and AMOS. The results showed that the predictive model of emotional labor based on psychological capital and the mediating role of psychological hardiness has an acceptable fit. The findings showed that psychological capital is negatively related to superficial action and positively to deep action. The findings also showed that psychological hardiness mediated the relationship between psychological capital and superficial and deep action.

This study aimed to compare the effect of training choice theory principles and training ACT principles on self-differentiation in high school students. The method was experimental with pre-test, post-test with control group and follow-up. The statistical population consisted all high school students in Rasht in academic year of 2019-2018. After assessing, 45 students who had self-differentiation below the cut-point were chosen and then randomly divided into three groups of 15, two intervention groups and a control group. For the first intervention group, the choice theory and for the second group ACT principals were taught in 8 sessions and the control group did not receive any training. After 3 month groups had follow-up. To determine the effect of the intervention program, a pre-test, post-test and follow-up were conducted using the Skowron & Schmitt (2003) Self-differentiation Test. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) analysis. The findings showed that intervention groups were significantly different in the post-test, compared to the control group in self-differentiation. The rate of self-differentiation increase after intervention and the size of this increase was higher in the choice theory group. The result showed that choice theory training has greater effect than ACT training on increasing self-differentiation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of group counseling of choice theory on dysfunctional conflict resolution styles of married people. The statistical population included married people (men and women in the first two years of marriage) who had referred to family counseling centers in Urmia due to conflict. The number of 20 people who had low scores in the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Enrich, 1999) were randomly selected. Simple were divided into experimental and control groups. In this study, the Conflict Resolution Styles Questionnaire (Rahim, 1983) has been used. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, analysis of covariance and Beferroni post hoc tests. The dysfunctional conflict of married individuals showed significant (P ˂.01). The result continued in the follow-up phase. Therefore, group counseling based on choice theory can be used to adjust dysfunctional (avoidant, domineering) conflict resolution styles of married people in the first two years of marriage.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of emotion regulation, anger rumination, and self-criticism on social maladaptation by the mediating role of self-compassion and psychological flexibility in high school students of Ahvaz. The research design was descriptive-correlational through structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of the study included all high school students in Ahvaz in the academic year 2020-2021 (In total, 49,744 students). From this population, 850 students were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method to test the research hypotheses. The instruments used in this study included the Gross and John’ Emotion Regulation Scale (2003), Sukhodolsky et al.’ Anger Rumination Scale (2001), Thompson and Zuroff’ Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (2004), Neff’ Self-Compassion Scale (2003), Bond et al.’ Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (2011), and Weitzman’ Social Development Scale (1990). The goodness of fit of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM), using SPSS-24 and Amos-24 software packages. The indirect effects were tested by the Bootstrap procedure. The results showed a good fit of the final model with the data. The results showed that emotional regulation, anger rumination, and self-criticism have direct effects on students' social maladaptation (p<0.05). The findings also showed that self-compassion and psychological flexibility mediate the effects of predictor variables on social maladaptation (p<0.05). According to the research results, emotional regulation, anger rumination, self-criticism, self-compassion, and psychological flexibility are the most important variables affecting adolescents' social maladaptation that should be considered when formulating and implementing interventions.

The purpose of this study was to design a leadership model for knowledge commercialization and to investigate its impact on psychological empowerment of employees in the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. The research design is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative stage The statistical population included all managers and faculty members of Tabriz Azad University 21 experts were selected by purposive sampling method, and after a semi-structured interview with content analysis and coding methods, a knowledge commercialization leadership model was designed. The model includes five dimensions of managerial factors, organizational capacity, research capacity, competitive strategies and business intelligence. In the statistical population survey stage, there were 919 university employees and through random sampling, 180 people were selected as the sample size. To collect information, a Researcher-Made questionnaire on knowledge commercialization leadership and a psychological empowerment questionnaire were used, which is a combination of standard questions by Spritzer, Mishra (1995) and Researcher-Made. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the   professors and experts. Reliability was also determined by Cronbach's alpha test, which in all variables was above / 7. Was obtained. For qualitative analysis, contextual theory has been used in the qualitative part, and factor analysis and structural modeling have been used in the quantitative part. The results showed that knowledge commercialization leadership has five main dimensions and has a positive and significant effect on the psychological empowerment of university personnel(p = .01). Accordingly, the achievement of the mentioned model of Tabriz Azad University, in addition to making it possible to achieve the goals of knowledge commercialization in this university; It also empowers the university personnel.

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of components of Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament model in relation to anger control and positive attitudes toward delinquency in secondary high school students. This study was descriptive and its statistical population was all secondary high school students of Ardabil city that selected 221 students using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data was collected with Affective and Emotional Temperament questionnaire (Lara et al, 2012), Questionnaire of Delinquency (Fazli, 2010) and the Dimensions of Anger questionnaire (Sigel, 1986). Stepwise Regression was used to analyze data. The results of data analysis showed that components of emotional temperament about 47% and components of affective temperament were able to explain and predict about 43% of changes related to positive attitudes toward delinquency (P< . /05). Also components of emotional temperament about 19%, and components of affective temperament, were able to explain and predict about 13% of changes related to anger control (P< . /05). The results of the this study provide important implications for the use of the AFECT model to aim of identifying groups at risk for violence and delinquent behavior and can be used to design preventive interventions for Aggression and delinquency.

The aime of this study was to compare the effect of mindfulness training and bio-feedback -relaxation on anxiety, depression in the elderly. The research method was semi-empirical in the type of pretest–posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all elderly women living in distinct 1 of Tehran in 98 spring .33 (65-65 years) (three groups of 11 each) were voluntarily selected. On the basis of pre-test score of anxiety and depression, they were divided into three groups of 11 homogeneous mindfulness, biofeedback-relaxation and control groups. Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory (Beck, 1996) were used to measure the anxiety and depresstion before and after intervention. Mindfulness group received Mindfulness training and biofeedback- relaxation group recived combination of biofeedback training and relaxation (four sessions three weeks). The control group did not participate in any exercise. Analysis of covariance and paired t-test were used for data analysis. Anxiety and depression were significantly different between the groups (P<0/001). Although the scores of both biofeedback-relaxation and mindfulness groups in the post-test were significantly better than the pre-test and were significantly different from the control group (p <0.05), the difference between mindfulness and biofeedback-relaxation groups was not significant (p> 0.05). Mindfulness and biofeedback-relaxation exercises improve and reduce depression and anxiety in the elderly. But there was no difference between the effectiveness of these exercises. Given the easier and more convinience practice of mindfulness exercises, mindfulness exercises can be considered as an efficient approach to biofeedback training.

Aging leads to issues and problems such as cognitive inflexibility and definitive thinking. However these issues have been less the attention of researchers. Accordingly, the main goal of this study was to determine the effect of life review treatment based on the Islamic ontology trend on cognitive flexibility and deterministic thinking in the elderly. This study design was experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included all elderly people in Kermanshah daily keeping center for the elderly. After the pre-test, 30 people were selected by available sampling from among those who had the lowest scores in the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire and the highest score in the Definitive Thinking Questionnaire, and placed in two experimental and control groups (each group is 15 people) randomly. Life review intervention based on the Islamic ontology trend was held at intervals of ten days during three months in 12 sessions and 45 minutes each session and a weekly session. Analysis of the results by using covariance analysis indicated that the life review intervention based on the Islamic ontology trend is effective on increasing cognitive flexibility and reducing the definitive thinking of elderly people (P<0.05). Accordingly, this approach can be utilized as a useful tool to improve the Psychological problems and shortcomings of the elderly.

In today's world of knowledge and information, the relationship between the student and the school as the most important institution involved in education, has received much attention. Many variables are involved in this relationship and have affect it. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigate the effect of family and homosexuality on the relationship with the school bonding mediation by the role of self-compassion.The statistical population of the study was all 3600 first grade high school students in Kangavar in the academic year 1300-1400. For this purpose, 520 students have been selected by cluster sampling method and electronically completed the questionnaires related to school bonding Rezaei Sharif et al., school climate Lee et al, family climate Hill burn, self-compassion Neff. After collecting data, structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model and hypotheses. The results showed that school climate and family climate have a significant and positive relationship with self-compassion and  school bonding. The climatr of the family and the climate of the school also influence the school bonding through self-compassion.  Findings show that considering the variables of family climate, school climate and self-compassion, an increase in school bonding was expected in students.

This study was conducted with the aim of developing, validation, reliability, and normalization of Expectancy- Value – Benefit - Cost Scale among students of Bu-Ali Sina University. The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population included all students of Bu-Ali Sina University in the academic year of 2019-2020. The sample size included 395 students were randomly selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method, and they completed the researcher-made scale. Methods of analysis included: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, content validity, and concurrent validity, and Cronbach alpha coefficient. The results of exploratory factor analysis extracted 5 factors named expectation, value, benefit, psychological cost, and situational cost.  Moreover, first and second order confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the results of exploratory factor analysis of the scale. The estimated Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for the whole scale was 0.848, and for expectation, value, benefit, psychological costs, and situational costs were 0.898, 0.899, 0.793, 0.862, and 0.778 respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale among the Iranian online population. The research method was psychometric study and the statistical population included all people active in social networking sites in during 2020 year. Sample size, 601 people were selected via convenience sampling. Data collection by online survey questionnaire of Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale (Kalichman & Rompa, 1995), Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (Reid et al., 2011), and Zuckerman – kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Aluja et al., 2006), and data were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha test, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Pearson correlation and Independent t-Test. Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded two components: Physical Sexual Sensations Seeking and Risky Sexual Sensations Seeking, which together accounted for 56.29% of the total variance. Reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha 0/88 for the total scale, and 0/82 and 0/79 for each factor. Moreover, the scale had adequate convergent validity and was positively related to hypersexual behavior, neuroticism–anxiety, sensation seeking, and aggression-hostility (P<0/01).

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by features such as identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms, fear of intimacy, and reality-testing deficiencies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of components of interpersonal cognitive distortions, differentiation of self and interpersonal problems in predicting of borderline personality. For data analysis, stepwise multiple regression analysis was used. 318 undergraduate students were selected by random cluster sampling and filled the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions (Hamamci & Büyüköztürk, 2004), Differentiation of Self (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998), Interpersonal Problems (Barkham, Hardy & Startup, 1994), and Borderline Personality Scale (Leichsenring, 1999). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that among the components of cognitive distortions, the expectation of rejection (R2= 0.20), among the components of differentiation, emotional cutoff (R2=0.34), and among The components of interpersonal problems, aggression (R2=0/15), had the most role in explaining the borderline personality (p< 0/01), which in this study were presented as " triad spacing mechanism " in the borderline personality. Also in borderline personality organization in the component of identity diffusion, cut-off (R2=0/21) in defense mechanisms, reactivity (R2=0/22), in fear of intimacy, cut-off (R2=0/34) and in reality testing, misperception (R2=0/23), had a greater role in explanation (p< 0/01). Considering these dimensions can be useful in redefining borderline personality disorder as a distance personality in preventing and intervening in treatment.

The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of critical thinking skills training on improving creativity, academic self-efficacy and psychological well-being of students in Ahvaz. The study was conducted on a quasi-experimental basis with the control group. The research statistical population included all female first-year high-school students of Ahvaz city.By purposive sampling, 30 students were selected as study sample and randomly assigned into two equal groups of experimental and control. Research instruments included the Abedi Creativity Questionnaire (Abedi, 2003), the Murises Educational Self-Efficacy Scale (Murises, 2001), and the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryff, 1989). To analyze the data, inferential statistical methods were used such as univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS statistical software (Version 25). The findings showed that the applied intervention increased the levels of creativity, academic self-efficacy and psychological well-being of students. Therefore, the intervention of critical thinking skills training to help female students is effective and recommended.

The purpose of this study was investigating the cultural factors (value agreement, normative agreement, religious agreement, cultural capital) affecting marital stability in student marriage and presenting a favorable structural model in Isfahan universities. The research design was a post-event and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all of Isfahan universities’ students, including University of Isfahan, Isfahan University of Technology, Khorasgan Azad University and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, who were married as students between 2016 and 2018. from these individuals, a sample of 687 people was selected by purposive convenience sampling. The assessment tool included a researcher-made questionnaire on Cultural factors and Marital Stability (Shariati, 2019). Data were analyzed and tested using structural equation modeling. Findings showed that there is a significant positive effects between value agreement, normative agreement, religious agreement and cultural capital with marital stability (P <0.01). Findings of structural equation modeling showed that the proposed model of marriage stability based on cultural factors has a very good fit and is approved in every way.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of teaching happiness using cognitive-behavioral method on hope for life and achievement motivation of female students dissatisfied with their body image. For this purpose, by sampling clusters from junior high school students of Isfahan in the academic year(2019-2020) one school was selected and all the ninth grade students of this school (n =90) took body image concern questionnaire (Littleton, Axsom, & Pury, 2005). Based on the results, 28 subjects who had the highest body image concern were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 14 subjects, experiments and controls. Examiners of both groups completed hope scale questionnaire (Snyder, Harris, & Anderson, 1991) and achievement motivation questionnaire (Hermans, 1970). Students in the experimental group attended 10 90-minute cognitive-behavioral happiness training (Fordayce, 1983). The subjects in the control group were not given any training. After conducting the trainings, the subjects of both groups completed the hope scale and the achievement motivation questionnaires again. For analysis, the statistical analysis method of covariance was used.The results showed that teaching happiness using  cognitive-behavioral method has an effect on improving the level of hope for life and achievement motivation of female students with body image dissatisfaction (p <0.05).

The purpose of this study was to identify undivorced men's intellectual and behavioral reactions after discovering their spouse's extramarital relationships. The research method was qualitative by descriptive phenomenological method. The research environment was all of betrayed men in Yazd province who had not divorced after their spouse infidelity, in 2019. Using purposive sampling, and snowball sampling, 12 participants were selected. The method of collecting data was semi-structured in-depth interviews, which were analyzed based on Colaizzi method, which is one of the phenomenological methods. The results showed that men's reactions were summarized in four main categories or themes: maladaptive immediate reactions, self-sacrifice, thoughtful arrangements and rumination. These main categories were divided into fifteen sub-categories. Thus, the reaction of betrayed men, from rational behaviors to high-risk emotional behaviors, reflects the fact that infidelity and extramarital relation of women can activate men's intellectual and behavioral reactions. In other words, it is possible that a spouse's annoying mental reaction may lead to high-risky behaviors and lead to worse events.

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive contribution of nostalgia proneness, mental pain and temporal experience of pleasure in perceived stress reactivity. The research method was correlational and the research included all students with romantic breakup at Saveh Islamic Azad University. From this community, 162 students with symptoms of love trauma were selected using purposive sampling method. They were asked to fill out the questionnaires of reactivity to perceived stress (Shulz, Jansen & Schlotz, 2006), nostalgia proneness (Havlena & Holak, 2006), mental pain (Orbach & Mikulincer (2003) and temporal experience of pleasure (Gard, 2006). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. Findings indicated a negative role of confusion and emotional turmoil (dimensions of mental pain) in increasing reactivity to perceived stress (p<0.01) and a positive role of nostalgia proneness in reducing reactivity to perceived stress (p<0.01). Therefore, it can be seen that regardless of the negative role of the feeling of emptiness in intensifying people's reactions to stress, it is the past positive experiences and feelings that can, as a psychological source and support, improve people's conditions in stressful situations.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of mindfulness and religious coping on students' well-being during the quarantine period of the Coronavirus epidemic by mediating hope and positive affect. The research method is descriptive correlation and path analysis. Statistical samples included 210 students of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, were selected by available sampling method in the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021. They completed the Well-Being Questionnaire (Ryff, 1989), Mindfulness Scale (Walach et al, 2006), Religious Coping Questionnairethe (Pargament, Feuille & Burdzy, 2011), Hope Scale (Schneider, 1991), and Positive / Negative Emotion Scale (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988). Data were analyzed using descriptive indicators and path analysis methods. The results showed that the direct effects of predictors of mindfulness, positive religious coping and negative religious coping on hope and positive emotion were significant (p <0.05). Also, the indirect effects of positive emotion, mindfulness, negative religious coping, and positive religious coping have on the well-being of individuals, respectively (p <0.01). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that hope and positive emotion have a moderating role in the relationship between mindfulness and religious coping with well-being in students, and the research findings have practical implications for clinical and health psychologists.

Internet addiction is a type of impulse control disorder that refers to the excessive use of the internet, the purpose of this study is to investigate the question of whether aggression, law-aversion, and hyperactivity in adolescents can predict Internet addiction? This research is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all high school students in the 2019-20 academic year of Urmia schools, from which 400 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. In this study, The Achenbach Youth Self-Report Scale (Achenbach, 1991) and Internet Addiction Questionnaire (Young,1998) were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using simultaneous regression analysis. The results of this study showed that aggression and hyperactivity significantly predict students' internet addiction (p< 0/01) Also, law-aversion has no significant effect on predicting internet addiction. According to the findings of the present study, by reducing the level of aggression and hyperactivity in students, the tendency to Internet addiction can be reduced.