نشریه معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک
سال دهم شماره 16 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Worshipping different deities was a very common practice among the ancient Iranians. The deities of water and fire often received more attention and respect from worshippers because of being deemed more divine. The ancient Iranians initially worshipped and prayed to their gods in open spaces, on natural heights and near rivers. Later, shrines specifically devoted to these deities, such as altars and fire temples, were built all over Iran based on the worship style of these ancient people. Despite having a rich history in the east of Iran, these shrines have received little scholarly attention and are at the risk of destruction because of exposure to the elements and prolonged inattention. Two shrines located in Sistan in the eastern section of Iran were studied in this research. These shrines, one located inside building no. 3 in Dahaneh-e Gholaman and the other on Kooh-e-Khajeh, are considered unique and highly significant. This study compares the architecture of these shrines which belong to the Achaemenid and Parthian-Sassanid periods with the aim of specifying the differences and similarities between the two. The methodology of this research is interpretive-historical with a descriptive approach. The findings point to a number of similar architectural features such as the introvert design, compatibility with the region’s climate, and the presence of the fire and water elements inside and outside the structures. The differences include the position of the central courtyard, the type of roof, the presence of platforms or lack thereof and the structure being singular or belonging to a set.

One of the most important and magnificent palaces in the Achaemenid citadels of Susa and Persepolis is the palace known as Apadana. Apadana palace in Susa is called by this name because of having an inscription naming this palace Apadana on the remaining pillars, and a palace with a similar physical structure in Takhte Jamshid despite not having an inscription with a name is called by this name because of this similarity. Numerous archaeological, historical, architectural and urban planning researches have been conducted on Achaemenid cities and citadels for a long time, and the function of these palaces, especially the palaces and buildings of Persepolis, has always been a matter of debate for experts. However, previous researches in order to understand the meaning of Apadana and the physical structure of this building and its function have focused less on the historical and racial history of the Persian tribe, which we know is a branch of Indo-Iranian tribes. This research with the help of allegorical mythology method of Georg Friedrich Creuzer which is a method focused on finding the meaning behind the form of an artwork by the help of finding narratives and myths behind it seeks to find an new interpretation for the function behind the form of Apadana palace. Thus, this historical study in the rich ancient Indo-Iranian texts showed that based on Indo-Iranian etymology the word Apadana means a holy and glorious place of gathering and presence, and over the years it has been used in the meaning of palace with columns, public palace and outer palace. Also, the study of the physical form and plan of the building showed that the plan of the building as well as many details used in it was based on the Vastu Purusha Mandala diagram in the Vastu Shastra, which is the knowledge of building the physical environment, the traditional knowledge of architecture and urban planning, in Indo Iranian culture. Based on the mythological narrative of the formation of this mandala, the Purusha, the cosmic man has been fixed on the earth by the gods, and with the presence of these celestial and solar gods, the image of the sky is reflected in this plan, and this is the scene on which the movement of the sun and the moon and their years drawn and calculated, And also on this plan the constant cycle of days and time is measured. So this palace is an image of the sky and the daily and annual movement of the sun and the moon is reflected on it, and in this way it is the best place to celebrate important annual events such as Nowruz, Mehrgan, Tirgan, etc.

Mills as heritage of antecedents’ knowledge represent suitable exploitation from climate and environmental situations. These structures are combination of various knowledge and skills in fields of architecture, construction, water engineering, mechanical engineering and mine engineering. Regarding the fact that Naeen is located in low-water area and also lacks running river, aqueducts are regarded as the sole source of water supply. Beside to using aqueducts in agriculture, through designing and building mills, water energy is used to move mill stone and flour productions. Defining place of these buildings are among keshtkhanha or beside residential areas. Also these elements of Iranian architecture in the past has had vital effect on the people life, but today due to some factors as drought or decreasing aqueducts water level and also not being cost-saving, appearing diesel motors to make wheat flour and etc. in recent years, they got obsolete and changed to abandoned and not-functional buildings. Architectural spaces, water entrance and exit channel and eddy, mechanical system elements (turbine, wings and and …) are three elements but at the same time, are complimenting each other in the mill. Although all mills have the same function but have different appearances and every mill has its own form, volume and proportions. Present study through descriptive-analytical and evaluative method based on field and library study, at first Naeen mills are surveyed and discussed and then their typology is analyzed. It is important to say that used maps are the result of field study of authors and they are presented for the first time. Results of study demonstrate Naeen mills based on architecture and location can be categorized in two three types: on the ground, underground and on the clay wall.

Human eye cells are stimulated by receiving light and sending appropriate commands to the body's internal glands. Ambient light affects the release of the hormone melatonin, which is responsible for regulating the biological clock of the human body. Also, the highest visual sensitivity of the human eye, based on the eye sensitivity curve, is in the wavelength range of 500 to 600 nm. The aim of this research is to study the effects of colored lights on human health by studying medical texts on the effects of colored light in the field of traditional Iranian architecture. The main question of the research is focused on whether the colored lights resulting from the stained glass windows of Iranian architecture correspond to the human eye sensitivity curve and the circadian rhythm and act to maintain the health of the human eye. The study and research are done in the form of studies and case studies. Also, the correlation method is used to investigate the effect of colored lights in Iranian architecture on health. For this purpose, case samples of Iranian stained glass windows were first selected and their dimensions and geometric shapes were collected. The passing wavelengths of the stained glass were measured and the transmitting wavelength diagrams were compared with the human eye sensitivity curve. The predominant share was calculated based on the percentage of the area of each color and the amount of light passing through each stained glass. The findings of this research prove the compatibility of the light effect from the colored windows of traditional Iranian architecture from two perspectives, compatibility with the eye sensitivity curve and also compatibility with the biological clock of the human body. In the range of 500 to 600 nm, the dominant share of transmitted light was yellow and green, and in the eye sensitivity curve, the maximum vision in this wavelength is yellow and green. In the wavelength of 460 nm, the predominant contribution of the light passing through the windows was a blue color. At this wavelength, the hypothalamus, which secretes the hormone melatonin and regulates the biological clock, is sensitive to blue light.

Jameh Mosque of Naein as one of the Shabestani mosques of the early centuries along with Jameh Mosque of Fahraj, Tarikhaneh Temple (Mosque) of Damghan and Early Jameh Mosque of Isfahan have always been mentioned by researchers in the field of architectural history of this country. This mosque is one of the magnificent and valuable buildings of Islamic architecture in Iran and has experienced extensive changes during its lifetime; and what is now provided to the observers of this building is different from what its original architects intended. The ancient nave of this mosque is one of the parts of this mosque that has experienced the most physical-spatial changes. Unlike the plastering decoration of the mosque, which has always been the focus of researchers in this field, the roof structures and the process of physical-spatial changes in this mosque are less considered. The objective of the present study was to recognize the altar (structure and architecture), study and analyze the process of physical-spatial changes in the ancient Shabestan and the effects of these changes on Jameh Mosque of Naein. The research method used is documentary and interpretive-historical. Also, while conducting in-depth interviews, it was attempted to analyze the data through documentation and objective observation. It should be noted that some documents used in this study have been published for the first time. The study results showed that the ceiling of the altar in the ancient Shabestan is of corbel type. In the 8th century AH, the height of this Shabestan changed and with the construction of the eastern and western counter ceilings, the height of its arches increased. Since then, as a result of this physical change in the Shabestan, the function of the visual effect of the altar to locate the direction of the Qibla has become weaker and damaged. The study results reduced the uncertainty in the field of the historical layers of this mosque, the parts that have been neglected so far.

An Iwan is the most prominent architectural element of Yazd houses. Qajar houses in Yazd city have the most examples of Qajar houses with south iwan compared to other cities of Iran located in hot and dry climate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the different characteristics of the iwan and to express how it is shaded in Qajar houses in Yazd. The research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of Iwans in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd during the Qajar period? - What factors influenced the iwans in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd during the Qajar period? - What is the climatic plan (shading) of the porch in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd in the Qajar period? One of the climatic solutions to achieve thermal comfort in hot and dry climatic cities such as Yazd was to use shade and reduce the effects of sunlight. Due to the climatic conditions and the formation of the historic city of Yazd, the iwan element was used to create shade and thermal comfort. As a result, the iwans in the Qajar houses of Yazd were located in the southwest, southeast and south, respectively. Meanwhile, the location of the iwan on the south side has the highest efficiency and the most shading in the summer revolution, and it seems that other reasons have been effective in the formation of houses in Yazd, which have taken precedence over shading.

The aim of this study was to compare the Iranian National Standard (INS) with LEED, a valid international standard, in the field of energy performance evaluation of buildings to show the strengths and weaknesses of INS and then improve and update it in this area. For this purpose, a government office building in Tehran was selected as the case study. To evaluate the energy performance of this building in accordance with the guideline of LEED standard, at first all its components and equipment were modeled and simulated in Design Builder software based on the ASHRAE standard 90.1. Then, the baseline and proposed models of the ASHRAE standard were configured for the case building, and their annual energy consumption and cost were compared with each other. The simulation results showed that the proposed model of the case building can save 31.5% annually the cost of energy consumption, and can achieve 13 out of 18 points of LEED standard in the category of energy performance. Afterwards, this proposed model of ASHRAE was evaluated by INS to determine the energy consumption criteria and energy label guidelines for non-residential buildings. As the annual energy consumption of the proposed model for the case building in this study was 73 kWh/m2, the energy ratio index (R) for this building, based on INS, was less than one that received label A in energy rating. Findings of this research revealed that in order to receive the highest LEED score in the category of energy performance for an office building, it is necessary to use valid standards, as LEED is far beyond INS in energy conservation, prevention of carbon dioxide emissions, and environmental protection. To improve INS in the category of energy performance for office buildings and to be in line with the LEED standard, this paper recommends a 23% reduction in the energy consumption index of ideal non-residential buildings in Tehran, and also improvement of this index for the other climates in Iran.

In the duality of darkness and light, the contribution of darkness, especially in literary sources, has been largely overlooked, while in practice, especially in the architecture of the ancients, the presence of darkness in many spaces has been prevalent in many spaces. In some cases, this presence has been devised to meet the climatic conditions and in order to provide physical comfort, and in others to provide psychological comfort. This research basically seeks to find the answer to the question: Which uses of deliberate dimming of light have been used more to match the spaces with the mental conditions of the users? In this research, while using the analytical descriptive method based on library and field data, computer simulation technique has been used to elaborate on how light can be managed. The aim of the present study is to pay attention to some uses of light dimming, to decipher the lighting knowledge of architects, and to monitor the light reduction measures for the creation of suitable spaces in line with usage in Iranian-Islamic architecture. In order to review, 10 buildings from three forms of use, including mosque, palace-building and house, belonging to the Safavid era in Isfahan city, which were built based on the needs of people in religious communities, government and livelihood affairs, were selected and the general form, the position and the proportions of the openings were modeled using Rhino software. Their illuminance was simulated by Diva plug-in with Daysim computing engine in summer and winter solstice and the average illuminance was extracted in terms of lux and then classified according to the use and application of buildings. The findings show that houses in winter solstice have less light than mansions and palaces, whereas the two types are in close proximity in the summer solstice. Compared to mansions, palaces and houses, the main spaces in mosques have less light throughout the year, and the use of dim light in this form of use is deliberate, intelligent and is designed to increase the qualitative richness of the space and synchronization with the mood and spiritual-emotional demands of the users.

The architecture of Iranian homes has systematic patterns in their bodies, which are the basis for their classification. This classification, which is associated with the identification of hidden patterns in space, is known as the language of the pattern. A pattern system, or, in other words, a pattern language in Iranian architecture, can be explained in terms of attributes, which are attributes of a space and they take on a particular function, depending on their shape and position in the structure of the structure. Accordingly, the present study seeks to assess the language of the house model on the mid-scale and based on the "attributes of the spaces". In this regard, a number of houses in the two cities of Yazd and Tabriz were selected as case examples; houses in Yazd as representatives of the buildings of the central cities of Iran's Plateau and Tabriz's houses representing the border towns of Iran and more varied species on the same scale. Were selected. The results of this study showed that some of the characteristics of the division of triads in Tabriz's houses, especially in Kooshki species (Qajar period 3), have distanced some of the characteristics of the sustainable pattern traits in the Iranian architecture. This is despite the fact that the division of triads in Yazd houses sees a more stable form. Tabriz is one of the historic cities of Iran, which enjoyed a special boom during the Qajar period as crown prince. The deployment of this city on the paths of Iran and the west, especially during the Qajar period, has added further prosperity to the city. However, the numerous earthquakes that took place in the city last about 200 years ago completely destroyed the city's structure. Also, the continual wars in the city and the prevalence of several episodes of epidemic in it caused the inhabitants to evacuate several times and consequently the gradual destruction of the city. Therefore, except for a limited number of buildings such as the bazaar and citadel, other buildings, including houses, were rebuilt and renovated during a relatively long period of the Qajar period. In front of Yazd city on the central plateau of Iran, it is more stable due to the large geographic distances with the borders of the country as well as much less communications outside its borders. Therefore, the impact of imported and extraterritorial elements from the West or East on the city and the overall view of this city is probably less than Tabriz. In this study, the "triple division" of the traditional houses of these two cities has been analyzed in order to more accurately assess the theme of the template language. Different ways of representing this pattern in the system of the configuration of the houses of this Two cities have been investigated. Accordingly, the research questions can be explained as follows:What are the common features of the pattern language architecture of the three-dimensional spatial pattern in the houses of Tabriz and Yazd?

The thermal performance and lighting of buildings are two critical factors in architectural design due to the need for energy consumption while establishing the residents' comfort. The design of the facade of the building as an external shell, which is the place of heat exchange between the building and the surrounding environment, absorption of solar energy, and penetration of light into the interior environment, is critical. Theoretical framework of the research was built on the highperformance architecture and daylightophil architecture theories for optimizing energy consumption in the building with especial focus on useful daylight illuminance (UDI), spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), annual sunlight exposure (ASE) and other critical daylight factors. The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical and considering the importance of educational spaces and the amount of energy consumption in this field, the central role and position of classrooms, in this research, the south facade of one of the classrooms of the Islamic Azad University of Semnan as a field study. It has been investigated and simulated in Rhino software and with Grasshopper, Ladybug, Honeybee, Energy Plus plugins, thermal performance analysis, and with the help of genetic algorithm method in the Galapagos component by changing the dimensions of the studied class windows, optimization has been The findings of the research shows that by optimizing the classroom, energy consumption in the south wall has decreased by 12% and more than 50% of the classroom environment receives useful daylight. Based on the LEED evaluation method, both indexes of spatial adequacy of daylight and annual direct sunlight received for the discussion of lighting in educational buildings have obtained the necessary points. The results show that the form and arrangement of the apertures in the south wall of the studied classroom are effective in receiving light and energy consumption, and the highest illumination and the lowest energy consumption are apertures with smaller dimensions and greater dispersion than the existing windows in They have the climate of Semnan city.

Baths from the past to the present are considered as one of the prominent works in Iranian architecture. Islam always pays attention to maintaining purity and cleanliness. In the past, these places were located inside the bazaars, for example, Kerman Bazaar is one of the most important and historical places in Kerman that has different uses, which one Those uses are bathrooms. Kerman Bazaar, with its linear form and the establishment of luxury baths such as Ganj Ali Khan, Ebrahim Khan and Vakil in its main axis, has caused the access and spatial relationship of these baths to be considered and studied in the study, so that differences Spatial perception and the relationship between spaces and access and vision in them should be determined. The research method is descriptive-analytical and with logical reasoning about the research results in a quantitative and qualitative manner. In this research, space syntax method and Depth map software have been used. According to the data extracted from Depth map software, it can be stated that Ibrahim Khan bath with a spatial depth of 7.17 has the highest physical access and a higher degree of spatial privacy than Vakil and Ganj Ali Khan baths, and also the communication index of 446 in Vakil Bath shows that there is a high spatial relationship between the different parts of the bath compared to the baths of Ibrahim Khan and Ganj Ali Khan. In general, it can be concluded that Ganj Ali Khan bath, due to the spatial complexity, the amount of communication and access between different parts of the bath, ie the connection between Bineh with the greenhouse and other spaces is lower than Vakil and Ebrahim Khan baths. As a result of the form, the spatial pattern of the bath affects the bath correlation index. Also, a noteworthy point in examining the level of visual visibility in the baths of the market order is that all three baths have the same amount of visual visibility in them, so that the amount of isost 359 with variable decimals dominates the three baths under study.

Architecture is one of the branches of art and civilization, which has long been the focus of people in different eras. Since historical buildings have been damaged for many years, they need to be consolidated with appropriate methods. So, various methods have been used for the stability of these buildings since long ago. But nowadays minimizing the amount of damage to the building during the restoration of the historical building is crucial. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the methods of strengthening brick buildings based on international charters and conventional methods of strengthening in the world. So, this research was done in order to answer questions such as "which of these methods is more suitable for the restoration of unreinforced brick buildings? " and "which technique is more compatible with the materials of masonry structures? ". This article is based on survey-descriptive method along with statistical analysis by SPSS software. Also, this study uses library sources to gather data to investigate new and old consolidation methods. In this regard, first, a questionnaire consisting of traditional and common strengthening methods, including the use of wooden piles, the use of micropiles, the implementation of gunite and shotcrete methods with today's modern techniques, as well as using all kinds of geosynthetics, composites and polymer meshes were prepared with different mortars; Then, with the aim of determining the degree of compliance of each method with criteria such as the level of need for expert staff, the degree of coordination in color and texture, reversibility and the minimum amount of intervention, it was provided to experts in the field of restoration. Finally, the findings of the research showed that the traditional methods, such as the implementation of backbands and wooden piles, are more compatible with masonry structures due to the harmony of the materials and often due to the high reversibility. Moreover, traditional methods are not able to guarantee the stability of the building over time, so, modern methods such as geogrids and the use of modern mesh mortars can be a suitable replacement for these methods.