فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی
پیاپی 140 (پاییز 1401)

This study aims at investigating the income dynamics for Iranian households in various occupations including public, private, agriculture, non-agriculture, and miscellaneous.To achieve this purpose, we used peso-panel data approach for the period of 2001-2019.The results indicate an increase in lagged income leads to a negative effect on the income of rural households, and the income of agriculture and miscellaneous occupations of urban households. On the other hand, this change induces a positive effect on public, private, and non-agricultural income of urban households. In addition, the age of household has negative effect on the income of rural households and has positive effect for urban households in public, private, and non-agricultural occupations. Finally, education has positive effect on the income of public, non-agricultural, and miscellaneous occupations for both urban and rural households, and negative effect in agricultural occupations for urban households.

In recent years, a group of researchers have shown that not only the quantitative growth of exports, but also its diversity can affect energy demand. On the one hand, export diversification can replace energy-efficient products and services with energy-intensive products, and on the other hand, it can lead to an increase in industrial production; Therefore, in the present study, the non-linear effect of export diversity on the energy demand of OPEC member countries was investigated using fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) long-term regression models, during the period of 2004-2019. The results of the study show that increasing export diversity increases energy demand. In addition, the non-linear U-shaped relationship between export diversity and energy demand was confirmed in this study, and also, the coefficients obtained for oil prices are negative and significant and for real GDP, natural resource rent, urbanization and population are positive and significant.

The mechanism of intra-industry trade defines technology transfer through sectors that produce and export products that lead to easier absorption of foreign technologies. Therefore, compared to inter-industry trade, intra-industry trade may encourage the use of environmentally friendly technology to a greater extent. The purpose of this paper has been to evaluate the effect of intra-industry trade on environmental quality for Iran and selected countries including France, Japan, South Korea, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Russia, Australia, Germany, Denmark, China, Turkey, UAE and Pakistan during the period of 2001-2020. The model was estimated by the generalized least squares (GLS) method based on the panel data approach. In this respect, the variables of carbon dioxide and methane emissions, as the indicators of environmental quality were used through the development of the environmental econometric model. The empirical results showed that the intra-industry trade variable (proxied by Grobel-Lloyd index) was statistically significant at 10% significance level and had a negative sign. This means that the expansion of intra-industry trade, in which the level of competition and the quality of goods and services are improved, plays an important role in reducing environmental pollution as a result of increasing the quality of the environment in Iran and the trading partners. However, Iran's trade relations with the trading partners in the form of intra-industry trade do not include a high share, which implies the country's traditional and inter-industry trade relations with its partners. This can be caused by the production of raw materials and the export of these goods and Iran's low-ranking technology with the selected partners. Such trade relations may cause destructive effect the environment.

Income inequality is one of the significant topics of the economy. Its increase not only causes political instability in societies but also is a major barrier to increasing growth and continuous and stable economic progress. The income distribution means the existing inequality in the share of different people of a country from the national income. In the present study, the income share of the top ten percent of the national income (the income share of the top decile) was used as an index of income inequality.  The present study investigates the interactive effect of knowledge spillover absorption and economic freedom on the income inequality of selected science-producing countries. For this purpose, two groups of selected science-producing countries with a per capita income of more than thirty thousand dollars and the selected science-producing countries with a per capita income of less than thirty thousand dollars during 2000-2020 were used using panel data and GMM methods.  The estimation results showed that the interaction of knowledge spillover absorption and economic freedom positively and significantly affects income inequality in selected science-producing countries with a per capita income of more than thirty thousand dollars.  Also, in these countries, the coefficients of knowledge spillover absorption, information, and communication infrastructure, and domestic research and development were positive, non-significant, and negative, respectively. However, the interaction of absorption of knowledge spillover and economic freedom negatively and significantly affected the income inequality in selected science-producing countries with per capita income of less than thirty thousand dollars. Additionally, in this group of countries, the coefficient of the knowledge spillover absorption and information and communication infrastructures variables was negative, and the coefficient of the domestic research and development variable was positive.

The Coase theorem is significantly prominent in responding to the externality problem, which has been criticized and defended through history. This study addresses zero transaction costs, one of the most significant criticisms of the Coase theorem. Acceptance of zero transaction costs has two misleading consequences. First, that market exchange is not possible once the transaction costs are positive. Second, the government's role is relegated to determining property rights. According to our modified version of the Coase Theorem with positive transaction costs, markets are exchanged when the expected return exceeds the expected costs. Technological progress and institutional innovation are two ways that government can influence market agreements, but their effect on pollution emissions and efficiency is different. Pollution is reduced if the polluter owns property rights, but efficacy cannot be judged. When the pollutant has the property rights, changes in pollution emissions and efficiency depend on the share of reduction costs and transaction costs resulting from technological progress and improvement of institutional quality. In addition, a criterion to determine property rights could be proposed. If all economic entities have the same share of technological progress and improvement of institutional quality, by granting property rights to polluters, efficiency always increases and pollution emissions decrease.

The tragedy of commons is always an inevitable phenomenon in common-pool resources exposed to residents' selfish perceptions. Many researchers of empirical studies believe that self-governing institutions that emerge within a society can solve the tragedy of the commons, but what still needs to be added in guiding this choice is a clearer picture of the mechanisms behind the institutional emergence in the successful management of common-pool resources. Agent-based models provide a suitable tool for this task due to their extraordinary capacity to connect micro and macro levels. This The presents study seeks to develop a simple abstract model of the institutional emergence pattern by introducing the possibility of cheat and enforcement, which has been observed in renewable common-pool resource issues. This article study uses the ADICO institutional grammar as a basic structure to model the institutional rules and define the users' strategies. Users modify their behavior through a transformational process and establish a management institution to manage common-pool resources, eventually leading to many advantages for users and common-pool resources. The results show that even within this simplified model, the self-governing institutions maintain the resource balance at a stable level and improve the average income of the users compared to the open access in all social networks.