نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای
سال بیستم شماره 3 (پیاپی 40، پاییز 1401)

Today, an important aspect of developed cities is the construction of large-scale commercial centers such as Megamalls. Abbasabad County is one of the coastal provinces in the north of Iran, which due to the tourism boom in recent years, approximately 18 small and large commercial centers have been built there that seems to have various impacts on economic, physical, social and ecological dimensions of its local communities. In this regard, the main purpose of this essay was to investigate the impacts of Megamalls on these towns. The required data of the applied and descriptive-analytical research were collected through library studies and field studies. The statistical population is the towns of province, which has been estimated to be 386 people selected as sample by using the Cochran formula. Moreover, the final weight of the criteria was determined by nine experts using paired comparison method. Applying the Fuzzy VIKOR model, cities were evaluated and ranked. The result of the research related to the importance of the 78 research criteria showed that the criteria of income, land and housing prices, rent and prices of goods and services are the most important criteria for measuring the sustainability of local communities. In addition, Abbasabad, Salman Shahr and Kelar Abad were ranked first to third in terms of the sustainability of communities with VIKOR with 0.444, 0.450 and 0.533 values, respectively. The average of the sustainability of the whole province with VIKOR at 0.475 shows that the Megamalls have influenced the stability of Abbasabad County and has reduced its stability compared to the time before the construction of the Megamalls.

In recent years, attention has been paid to the participation of rural women in rural management. However, the entry of women into the field of rural management faces a significant delay. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to analyze the barriers of rural women's tendency to participate in rural executive management in the villages of Zanjan County.  Documentary and field methods were used for the descriptive and analytical study to collect data. The statistical population of this research were two levels of local people (319 sample people) and local managers (26 people). The results of Friedman's test showed that from local people’s perspective, institutional and organizational barriers with an average rank of 3.32 and economic and financial barriers with an average rating of 2.72 were the highest and lowest causes. On the other hand, analyzing the local managers’ ideas showed that institutional and organizational barriers with an average rating of 3.47 and informational and communication barriers with 2.57 are the most and least causes of women's non-participation in village management. The results of the factor analysis test showed that, from local people’s point of view, there are individual and personality factors, social and cultural environment, institutional, organizational, informational, communicational and economic factors and from the point of view of local managers, there are social and cultural environment factors, individual and personality, institutional and organizational factors. Informational and communicational and financial factors were the most important barriers. The results showed that there were many barriers in the tendency of rural women to participate in the executive management of villages.

Urban infill development that emphasizes on utilizing the capacity of vacant and unused land within the built-up areas, dilapidated and brownfield areas is a strategy for controling urban sprawl and its associated effects. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the capacities of infill development in Sabzevar city that is facing challenge of urban sprawl. The required data of the descriptive-analytical study were collected using library and documentary methods. Thirteen criteria were considered to measure the infill development capacities. Then, using the opinion of experts in Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the weight and priority of each criterion was determined. Moreover, the Fuzzy model was used to standardize, fuzzificate and integrate of layers in GIS software. The results indicated that in Sabzevar city, the central zones have more potential in terms of infill development compared to the skurt zones. Although the central zones have less vacant lands, the placement of these lands within existing neighborhoods and their less distance from built-up lands, as well as other factors such as the existence of dilapidated, old and low-quality buildings, worn-out textures, better access to urban services and facilities, have made central zones of the city have more potential for infill development. About 20.29% of the area of Sabzevar city is quite suitable for infill development, 13.15% is suitable, 41.33% is average, 16.98% is unsuitable, and 8.25% is quite unsuitable. Therefore, there is a significant capacity for infill development in Sabzevar city which, if used, can reduce its sprawl.

All over the history cultivating medicinal plants has had a high status in Iran’s traditional system of agriculture. It plays a significant role in diversifying the economic sources of villagers. Agricultural activities have increased income, reduced unemployment, and reduced the poverty of the villagers as a result. Planning on planting medicinal plants helps the prosperity and sustainable development. It also helps to improve the economic development, meet the needs of domestic industries, and have significant foreign exchange earnings. This study aimed to compare the income made by producing medicinal plants compared to other crops in the villages of Kalat. This applied research used a descriptive-analytical method. Collecting the required data was done through documentary and field methods. A survey method was used in the case study that is related to the cultivation of medicinal plants in the region. The sample community of the research was the villages where medicinal plants are produced. The results showed that producing medicinal plants constitutes 50.1% of the total income in agricultural sector of the study area. Moreover, planting medicinal plants per hectare creates an average of 523.6% more income than other crops. The results showed as well that the making income per hectare in producing medicinal plants is more than 5 times that of other crops. If villagers pay attention to the issue, it will improve the income and welfare level of villagers and will reduce their immigration.

Human comfort is significantly affected by climatic parameters and geographical features. There are few studies that have focused on the role of these two factors together in human comfort. Considering this, this research tried to evaluate different levels of human comfort using the Somatosensory Temperature (ST) index based on the golden ratio theory in 13 Iranian metropolitan cities. The parameters of minimum and maximum temperature, minimum and maximum humidity, precipitation and average wind speed were obtained from the Iran Meteorological Organization for (1991-2020) period. The ST index was designed based on the Golden Ratio theory and the Actual Optimum Comfort Temperature (AOCT) and its important features are significant flexibility to changes in latitude, altitude, and season. The results showed that there is a significant (α<0.01) inverse correlation (-0.867) between latitude and optimal comfort temperature, and this relationship for the height parameter is also with the correlation (-0.607) was significant at the 0.05 level. Bandar Abbas and Ahvaz had the highest frequency of hot thermal sensation and Tabriz had the highest frequency of very cold days. The highest monthly distribution of thermal comfort conditions is estimated for Rasht. For the summer, Tabriz with a total of 21% comfortable conditions has the best situation among other cities, while Ahvaz, Bandar Abbas, Kerman and Yazd have not experienced any of the comfort levels in this season. The highest percentage of the frequency of complete comfort conditions belongs to the autumn, so that in this season, complete comfort prevailed in 9 cities. The use of all the main climate parameters and the possibility of applying various corrections have provided the ST index with the ability to be used in a significant range of latitudes and regions with different altitudes.

Many rural settlements of Iran are facing many problems including low level of employment and income, adverse effects of climate change, and inappropriate access to facilities and services. In this situation, villagers' participatory behaviors in various affairs of the local community can play a positive important role in improving the quality of life and improving the local environment. Considering the importance of the matter, this research investigated the relationship between place attachment and rural residents’ participatory behaviors in Mashaikh village rural district. The statistical population of this study is the villages with a population of at least 100 people of Mashayekh rural district, Mamasani County. The analysis unit is all people aged 18 and over. The sampling was done using the classified probabilistic method, and the questionnaire was filled by 380 people. Data were analyzed using some statistical tests by applying SPSS software. Based on the results of One-sample T-test, at 95% confidence level, the average values of participatory behaviors and place attachment are significantly above average. There is a significant positive relationship between villagers' place attachment and their participatory behaviors (r=0.424; p-value<0.001). A significant positive relationship was also observed between place attachment and each of the five dimensions of participatory behaviors. The result of one-way analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of participatory behaviors. Similar results were obtained for place attachment. Place attachment and participatory behaviors, as two powerful factors, can play an important role in rural development, and the positive relationship between them shows that the two factors can have a desirable and valuable synergy to benefit the rural settlements.

Worn-out and inefficient urban tissues are among the complicated challenges of urban development instability. It is vital to recreate these tissues to improve the quality of life. Urban regeneration tries to make sustainable urban communities. Using the factor analysis technique, this study tried to identify the capacities of citizen participation for the participatory planning of Shahid Bahonar town, which is located in the 6th district of Mashhad. The statistical population of this descriptive-analytical study were 33,937 citizens living in Shahid Bahonar town, among of whom 379 participants were randomly selected using Cochran's formula and simple random sampling. The results showed that the capacities of citizen participation for the worn-out parts of Shahid Bahonar have institutional, physical, socio-cultural, economic and environmental aspects, which is a significant relationship between them. Moreover, the relationship is stronger among economic and socio-cultural aspects. Using the single-sample t-test, the capacity of citizen participation in recreating the dysfunctional parts of Shahid Bahonar regarding the institutional, physical, socio-cultural and economic aspects is in an appropriate condition. Since the environmental average is lower than the average number (this is, 3) the capacities of citizens’ participation in recreating the dysfunctional fabric of Shahid Bahonar regarding the environmental issues are not good. The results showed that the implementation method of participatory planning for achieving the optimal regeneration of worn-out parts should be done by facilitation offices’ coherent planned activities.

Tourism in rural areas can play an effective role in all aspects of the villages, including creating employment and income for the villagers, diversifying the activities of the rural economy, helping to provide infrastructure services, and physical-spatial changes in the villages. One of the effects of tourism in villages is physical changes. The research aimed to investigate the role of tourism on the physical changes of the studied village. The statistical population of the descriptive-analytical research consists of heads of households living in Ziarat village. 253 heads of households living in Ziarat village were determined as participants using Cochran's formula. Three indicators "construction", "land use change" and "physical satisfaction" were used in the form of a Likert scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that the physical changes that have taken place due to the development of tourism in the studied village have caused an excessive increase in the construction of second houses and villas, the expansion of tourism facilities and services, the change of agricultural land use to residential land, the increase in land prices, and the destruction of agricultural land on a large scale. Moreover, neglecting the village texture and the spaces needed by a rural family, including a space for keeping livestock and storing agricultural products, and the tendency to create multiple floors in new constructions have caused dissatisfaction among rural residents. Moreover, to reduce the negative consequences of tourism development, it will be necessary to pay more attention to managers and planning agencies in the field of tourism.

The theoretical review and background of previous studies show that there is a research gap of correlation between social responsibility factors, green marketing strategy, company reputation, and business performance. The practical field is the tourism service industry, which is increasing the importance of tourism and its development day-to-day. This research was conducted to examine the impact of corporate social responsibility and green marketing on the direction of the development of the tourism industry. The statistical population of this descriptive-survey research is managers and experts and service businesses related to tourism in Ardabil province. Due to the existence of 315 hotels and guesthouses a sample of 173 items and 346 questionnaires were selected using Cochran's formula in a purposeful and theoretical manner. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire and data analysis was done using structural equation modeling method (PLS software). It can be seen that the social responsibility variable plays an important role in explaining 72% of the changes in the green marketing strategy, the corporate social responsibility, and green marketing strategy variables together explain 37% of the changes in the company's reputation variable. Corporate social responsibility, green marketing strategy, and company reputation are able to explain 59% of the changes in the company's business result variables. The results confirm the research hypotheses, including the impact of green marketing strategy on business results. It is appropriate that the managers of the tourism industry consider social responsibility a moral principle and by applying the green marketing strategy, they can solve the concerns of tourists who support the environment and improve their business performance by creating a strong reputation.

Diversity of vegetation and its coexistence with geomorphologic processes have an important impact on the balance of natural landscapes. This research tried to quantitatively measure and compare the differences between the slope of nebkas and the angle of repose in the Ebrahimabad desert of Sirjan. For this purpose, first, the angle of repose in the area was determined. Then, sample nebkas were selected along 10 transects that covered the entire region and the slope of nebka was measured by inclinometer in the four directions of north, south, east and west. Then the average slope of the nebka domain was calculated. Finally, the relationship between the angle of repose and slope of nebka dune was evaluated and analyzed using statistical models. The variance analysis results showed significant differences between the equilibrium slope factors of various nebkas. Test results of the test of comparison averages based on the equilibrium slope factor of nebka and repose slope of sediment separated the region into two distinct groups. In the probability level error of less than one percent (α <0.01), the first group includes nebkas, Tamarix Mascatensis, Reaumaria Turcestanica and Seidlitzia Florida, and the second group includes Alhagi Manifera species and repose slope of sediment. The grouping results according to equilibrium slope indicate different function of Alhagi Manifera species than other species. The results showed that the vegetative form of plant plays an important role in creating relief landscape of nebka.