نشریه پژوهش های ادبیات تطبیقی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 32، تابستان 1401)

Up to this date, regardless of whether the writers or poets are from different geographic regions which period of history they belong to, they have always written about the world of women and they may even have created the same and similar ideas in their works. In this comparative study, first, the place, role, and characteristics of women and their needs and desires in a society and family are examined in the literature of Iran and Spain. In order to narrow down the research field, the short story of "Pink Nail-Polish" by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad and the play of "Yerma" by Federico Garcia Lorca have been studied as two famous works written by professional authors in both countries. First, a brief overview of the history of life and socio-cultural activities of both writers has been presented, then woman, her place, desires and needs have been studied separately, and finally the two works are compared.

Johan Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), a reflective thinker and speaker from Germany, firstly announced the world group of literature words in May 1827. His speech in demand of world literature has become an essence for writing and speaking among those world philosophers who were researchers of literature in that time. There are many gaps to be fulfilled on this subject matter. In the same way, the original demand of his direct willing in making world literature has not been reached to a certain result. At last, the following research on the bases of disputed conversations, biographies (self-writing and others), letters, and his essays could be the sources in the fulfillment of Goethe’s point of view about world literature. It is no doubt that Goethe's point of view and other thinkers and speakers from Germany in the decades of 18th and 19th centuries could be a means for other nations and countries in the way of gathering world literature considering awareness, sympathy, and preservation of the great combination of world literature basically in relation to Europe and Germany in that time. In the following research, considering a historical creation in the way of comparative literature, the original demand of Goethe about world literature was investigated

From ancient times, poets and writers have used rhetorical techniques and indirect expressions to convey their concepts. The use of these techniques is one of the fundamental differences between artistic language and other common language types such as scientific language, that is the language that tries to convey the concept to the audience with the most explicit terms and far from ambiguity. In cinema as a modern art, which has a deep and inseparable relationship with literature, figures of speech always help cinematographers to convey the concepts. The cinematographers, knowingly or unknowingly, supported by the linguistic and literary culture in which they have been raised, use these devices to illustrate their purposes.
The role of literature in cinema can be examined at three levels of language, image, and content. This study, focuses on the images and the case of “Taste of cherry” directed by by Abbas Kiarostami as one of the most prominent Iranian artists in cinema in order to use the images, their role in conveying the concepts and figures of speech used in the film. Investigating figures of  speech in the image of a cinematic work makes the audience closer to the intellectual world of the filmmaker, reveals how his works interact with written literature, gives a deeper understanding regarding the link between the two arts, and shows the influence of the past written legacy in the cinema, as the most recent human art.

Laghatah, written by Abd al-Halim Abd Allah, and Probably I Am Lost, written by Sara Salar, are two examples of texts dealing with the status of women in a patriarchal society. The protagonists of Laghatah and Probably I Am Lost are named Leili and Ravi, respectively. Both novels’ protagonists are women limited by the society norms and their social role. Despite various turbulence, they experience an internal journey to achieve perfection. The present study investigated both novels comparatively based on Maureen Murdock’s theory using analytical-descriptive method. The paper aims to investigate the sequence of female heroes’ actions in Laghatah and Probably I Am Lost? Accordingly, the text structure of both novels as well as a set of their textual connections were evaluated and described through Murdock’s theory. The results showed that the sequence of Leili’s actions in Laghatah and Ravi’s in Probably I Am Lost follows a ten-stage model, including: passing from femininity, identification with men, tests path, imaginary success, being rejected as a powerful woman, falling in front of the goddess, femininity renewal, removing the gap between mother and daughter, finding the internal man, and reaching beyond duality.

Magic realism is referred to a new type of fiction erasure in which the writer skillfully mixes elements  such as illusion and imagination with real events,  so that the unreal  character will resemble  the  real and natural ones for the readers. Alrajaolbaeed, written by Foad Takarli, and Tuba and the Meaning of Night, written by Shahrnoush Parsipour, the Iranian contemporary novelist, are two examples of magic realism works. Since these novels are the productions of the fearful ambiance between Iraq and Iran, their writers have mixed the reality with imagination and eliminated the border in between, choosing magic realism to express their attitude. Thus, the present study borrowed an analytical-descriptive method to scrutinize the magic components in these novels. It aimed to introduce two prominent works of fiction literature of Iraq and Iran. The skill and techniques used in these novels represented concepts and purposes by combining the imaginary components with the outside realities. The finding of this research indicate that Takarli and Parsipur   have used the components of magic realism in these novels along with their imaginative power and realistic outlook to illustrated the social realities of their society. Through this passion, they have skillfully illustrated their concerns for the reader and presented these events naturally and simply.

The "interaction behavior analysis" system is a theory of contemporary psychological schools in response to how the mind works, why we decide to do something, and how we stop something from being done. The present article, based on Eric Byrne's theories and how the inner states of "parent,adult,child"change,examines the components of "mental empowerment" in"Traveling". What is reflected in the exchanges and interactions of the"winners and losers" of the "traveling" characters is the power of "mental empowerment"on each side of the pyramid. According to the component analysis, the "parent" mode has a higher frequency than the "adult and child" and determines the power of the "parent"to negotiate and exchange mental and behavioral exchanges between individuals. The present study is an analytical-descriptive method and in response to the question "What are the components of psychological analysis as a result of"Traveling"by"Mahshid Amirshahi"?"Has studied the characters of the novel based on the psychological theory of behavior analysis by Eric Byrne. In the contemporary period, the conceptual connection of many sciences such as literature and psychology reveals the connection between the literary framework of the novel and fiction with new psychological theories and perceptions. It has a wider scope and the "parent" mode plays the most important role in data processing and decision-making process.The result of examining the components is the poor performance of "adults"and "children"against "parent"decisions, and that "parent" decisions are not based on the quality and appropriateness of solutions, but on the basis of institutionalized information and high data capacity in the field.