پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 75، تابستان 1402)

To make informed decisions about transportation infrastructure planning, planners and engineers must be able to anticipate the response to transportation demand by changing the characteristics of the transportation system and the characteristics of the people using the transportation system. For this purpose, travel demand models are used. The first generation of demand models are travel based models. Activity based models were developed due to insufficient accuracy of four-step models predicting. . In this study, in order to predict activity based travel demand, some software models were modified by models made in previous studies. According to the study area. in the next step, data on synthetic population, individuals, households, traffic zones, land use information, and impedance matrices between Washington, DC, areas were entered into the Activitysim software. in the next step, the travel information obtained from the Software was compared with the actual travel data in the study area and also with the number of trips of the first version of Actgen software. Comparisons of travel matrices indicate that the focus of travel according to the output of Activitysim software models is higher than the actual travel data, and the travel matrices of Actgen software provides more dispersion. also, in the number of trips based on travel mode and different trip destination, we see the proximity of the Activitysim models outputs and actual data. actual basic information about the distribution of travel by different age groups, income groups, household size, number of cars, gender distribution of the population and the approximate proximity of these data to the number of travel outputs of implemented software models show the accuracy of input information and has high analytical power of software models as well as modified models based on the study area.

This paper presents the undrained cyclic strength and settlememt behaviors of high compacted saturated gravelly soils using large-scale triaxial equipment. Based on the results, the failure critera for dense gravel materials in 15-50 loading cycles may be adopted, considering the fine content and cyclic shear stress due to earthquake shaking, as follows: (a) inducing 2% permanent accumulated axial strain (PAAS) for ru<0.8 (i.e. ratio of maximum excess pore-water pressure to effective confining pressure), for the specimen with fine content higher than 14%, (b) inducing 2% double amplitude axial strain (DAAS) for ru≥1 for isotropic consolidated dense gravelly specimen containing fine grain smaller than 4% under very high stress ratio as much as 0.45 and higher. For high copmpacted gravelly specimen, when in the first cycle of loading, ru and DAAS are higher than 0.20-0.25% and 0.4-0.5%, respectively, the initial liquefaction (ru>1) or failure may be occurred in less than 50 cycles by inducing PAAS or DAAS for about 2%. Cyclic strength of gravelly materials containing fine contain higher than 14% are smaller than that of the specimen containing fine grain smaller than 4%.

The railway system selection(ballasted/ballastless) issue is usually a function of technical criteria and life cycle costs. In this paper, the IRSST decision-making model or railway system selection is developed based on both technical and economic criteria. In this regard, by developing a Python based computer model according to the requirements of IRS 70727, in the first step, the track system in mandatory sections of the route of Qom-Isfahan high speed railway in (Km 5 + 000 ~ Km 29 + 110) area zone was determined based on restrictive technical criteria, and then for other sections of the route, the track system was selected based on life cycle cost (LCC). Since the track system LCC is commonly a function of inflation rate (i) and discount rate (r), the proposed values of these parameters in IRS 70727 were adopted in absence of Iran railway routes accurate data. For sensitivity analyses purpose the range of 0≤i≤3 and 0≤r≤8 was adopted and their effect on LCC and consequently the track system selection was investigated. Finally the outcomes of the sensitivity analyses were presented in the form of “variation of the track system along the track route”, “total length of ballasted and ballastless systems” and “Kernel density estimation curves (KDE)” for various values of i and r. Definitely it was observed that I the case of r≥3 and for each value of i, the of track system is ballasted while for 0≤r≤3 and all i values, the track system was ballastless.

Evaluating and measuring the quality of pavement by better understanding the correct performance of different parts of the pavement management system, it is possible to determine the database to predict the optimal design time and update information. Pavement condition index (PCI) and International Roughness Index (IRI) are two criteria for measuring the performance of road pavement evaluation, which has a significant impact on the management of road repair and maintenance budgets. However, the PCI and IRI indices are not comprehensive and need to be addressed by establishing a logical relationship with high accuracy. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between IRI and PCI indices using Spearman, Pearson and Watson statistical analyzes, linear and nonlinear regression models and neural network model. In this regard, data of 392 sections of arterial pathways in Isfahan province were reviewed and PCI and IRI indices of these sections were selected as the statistical population. The results of the modeling section showed that despite the proper performance of the neural network in predicting training data, but in predicting new data and in the test phase with about 46% error, has a poor performance and the model has been overworked. Finally, the performance of the linear regression model showed that using the relation PCI = -19.802 × IRI +126.970 with 77% accuracy PCI values can be determined using IRI data. Considering the speed of harvesting and analysis of the high results of the IRI index and the applicability of the PCI index as a standard method in planning and determining road maintenance options, this model can be a great help in increasing the accuracy and speed of decisions and reducing the heavy costs of failure and time analysis of results.

sustainable technology transfer is one of the necessities of sustainable technology transfer in developing and developing societies . unfortunately , in most cases , technology transfer in countries and especially our country leads to technology transfer . accordingly , in this research , we present a model of sustainable technology transfer in rail transport industry to achieve environmental goals , social , economic and political impacts with grounded theory approach . the statistical sample of the research in the qualitative section , of the people of railway transportation areas of iran , were selected by snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation . the statistical population in quantitative section consisted of thirty managers and experts in rail transport companies which were selected by purposeful and available sampling method . in order to identify the effective factors , the approach based on data theory of the foundation of the foundation is used and the validity of the model is obtained by factor analysis and smart pls - smart pls software . according to the research findings in the qualitative section , the final model of the research was approved in seven stages . along with elements , economic , social , environmental and political element for the first time as well as the results of data theory about frequency and importance in the stage of technological component technology , in the stage of technological component technology , in the stage of technological component technology , in the stage of technological component technology development , in the stage of technological component technology development , has impact on the process of technology transfer .

Climate variations, especially rainfall, have a high effect on the behavior of drivers and their decision. Due to the high effect of weather conditions on driving as well as human fatalities on road accidents, the importance of investigating driver behavior as a result of climate change is highlighted. This paper examines the variation of hourly average speed in the different weather conditions by considering the latter traffic factors influencing the speed. Rasht-Khomam highway is considered as the study area. Rasht as a coastal city has the highest rainfall in all the cities of Iran. The linear regression model has been used in this study to examine the variation of hourly average speed, considering traffic factors and weather conditions as independent variables. The Most important traffic factors that were included in the modeling are flow rate and percentage of heavy vehicles. Also, variables representing weather conditions include rainfall, horizontal vision and daylight. The independent variables were trans-formed into dummy variables to investigate the nonlinear relationship between them and the dependent variable. The results showed that the flow rate of more than 2100 veh/h reduces the speed of the vehicles up to 10.81 km/h, which is 12.72% of permitted speed on this highway. Another interesting finding of this research was that the amount of rainfall in ordered levels has a nonlinear effect on the speed. Heavy rain, moderate rain, and light rain reduce speeds by about 5.3, 4 and 2 km/h, respectively. Daylight was also shown to affect speed. In other words, driving at night can reduce speed up to 3 km/h. Horizontal vision variables were not recognized as significant in the model. This may be due to the drivers being familiar with the area and as a result, this parameter cannot affect their performance.

Trip generation is the first step in the conventional four-step transportation planning process, which, if incorrectly forecasted, lead to waste of national resources and poor infrastructure performance. This paper aims to identify the influential factors of suburban trip generation with mandatory purposes and compare the linear regression, Tobit and Poisson models using the origin-destination travel data of Khorasan, Fars and Tehran provinces in 2015. Results show better or equal performance of linear regression and Tobit models in all travel purposes. The variable of households with more than two vehicles for educational trip production and car ownership per capita for educational trip attraction are significant. Also, the variables of the share of households with more than 2 vehicles and the number of students per capita in car ownership have the greatest impact on the production and attraction of suburban educational trips. The share of people aged between 32-47 years and the number of employee per capita in car ownership have the greatest impact on the production and attraction of work trips, respectively. The population of a district has been significant with a positive sign in trip production of work and educational trips, but its impact on the educational trips is as twice as the work. The number of employee in car ownership per capita has a positive effect on the attraction and production of work trips, but the effect on the attraction is about 4 times the production. Furthermore, the effect of density related to the trip purpose varies in attraction models, so that the effect of industrial density on work trip is almost twice the effect of educational density on the educational trips, which can indicate a greater propensity of people to conduct suburban work trips compare to educational ones which could be used as a policy implication for future.

It is possible to use reclaimed asphalt pavement materials as a type of recycled material in the asphalt concrete layer or the base layer in the pavement. However, due to the variety of sources as well as insufficient strength, RAP materials without stabilizing additive is not suitable in granular base layers. In this paper, the unconfined compressive strength of cement treated RAP base has been investigated and evaluated in a laboratory study. Three cement contents of 4, 5, and 6 percent were added and the samples were cured for 3, 7, 28, and 90 days after compaction. Samples were prepared with standard compaction energy according to ASTM D558. The unconfined compressive test has been carried out using the strain control method. In order to investigate the effect of moisture, in addition to the optimum moisture, moisture levels below and above the optimum have also been evaluated. Based on the results of this laboratory study, with the increase of cement percentage and curing period, unconfined compressive strength and modulus of elasticity increase visibly. It was also found that according to the percentage of cement used in the mixing design, the maximum strength may occur at the optimum moisture or less than the optimum moisture content

The problem of transit routes network design is one of the fundamental problems in moving towards sustainable urban development. This problem deals with finding the optimal configuration of transit routes so as to satisfy a specific objective while holding the budget constraint. Regarding that network design is a complex and exponential problem, achieving a solution close to the exact solution (global optimum) in large-scale calls for systematic methods such as heuristic/meta-heuristic algorithms. Such algorithms have been extensively devised in the related literature, though, less effort has been put to investigate various types of transportation network topologies with specific settings. This paper aims to design urban transit routes configuration in urban settings for “grid” networks in order to achieve the maximum coverage through the network within the budget level. To this end, this study proposes a novel heuristic-type algorithm dedicated to deal with grid-type networks. The proposed algorithm introduces a greedy index namely the “demand index” and exploits this index to make connections among the nodes with high levels of demand. In each iteration, the node with the highest demand index is selected and one of the candidate routes passing through that node is incorporated into the existing routes configuration. Comparing the results obtained from the proposed algorithm against the exact solutions in a 6×10 grid network over 30 random demand matrices suggests that the proposed algorithm is capable to hit near-optimal solutions within notably short run-times. According to the results, in comparison to the exact solution in almost 4 hours run-time, within only 29(±8) seconds of run-time, on average, the proposed algorithm can achieve solutions with 2.9% difference from global optimal solutions.

Internet Taxi Service Is One Of The New Services In The Field Of E-Commerce. The Emergence Of This Type Of Online Service Reduces People's Use Of Traditional Taxi Services And Increases The Number Of People Using Internet Taxis. Snap Company In Iran As One Of The Successful Activists In This Field, Has Been Able To Attract Many Customers In Tabriz Metropolis, Which Is Our Studied Community. The Purpose Of This Study Was To Investigate The Influence Of Factors Such As Price, Security, Quality, Availability, Application Usability And Driver Behavior On Customer Satisfaction. In This Research, The Method Of Data Collection Is Based On Descriptive-Survey Method And Questionnaire. A Total Of 385 Customers Of Snap Internet Taxi Service Were Selected By Random Sampling In Tabriz Metropolis. Cronbach's Alpha Test Was Used To Assess The Reliability Of The Questionnaire, With A Desirable Result Above 0.7. The Data Were Analyzed Using SPSS And Smartpls Software. According To The Hypotheses Presented In This Study, It Was Found That Security Variable With Coefficient Of 0.13, Quality Of 0.14, Driver Behavior Of 0.29, Application Usability 0.14, Price Of 0.16 And Availability With Coefficient 0.31, Affect Customer Satisfaction With These Services.

Urban transportation planning is a process that leads to decisions about transportation plans and policies. The purpose of this process is to provide the information needed to decide when, where, and how to improve the transportation system. Requiring this information and making sure it works is followed by a rational and systematic planning process. For this purpose, in this study, we first introduce different methods of transportation management and important policies in the field of urban transportation planning. Subsequently, it has attempted to implement mathematical and statistical models used in the four-steps of trip production and attraction, trip distribution, mode choice, and traffic assignment by developing a four-step transportation demand modeling computer program. C ++ has been used to build this program. The program written in this study will enable transport policymakers to analyze and evaluate the positive and negative consequences of their plans to improve transportation conditions prior to project implementation and the high costs involved.

One of validate benchmarks for assessing and evaluating the quality of asphalt in road projects , such as density and percent empty space. percent empty space of the Asphalt layer implemented has an important effect on its optimal performance, durability and stability. using of (ASTM D2014) is the usual method for measuring percent empty space of asphalt layer. mentioned method for determination percentage empty space using of density sample Marshall which is determined under completely "standard" laboratory conditions . In the present article determination percent empty space asphalt layer implemented with using of density core obtained of asphalt layer implemented done, and then the result comparison with percent empty space determinate by density sample Marshall transpire if used density core obtained of asphalt layer implemented In calculating percent empty space the result )2.8-3.8) percent more than percent empty space calculated With using of Marshall sample density .Therefore, if the percent of empty space of the Marshall sample is used in determining the parameters of the asphalt layer, due to the different temperature conditions and experimental and operational density, results other than reality will be obtained. According to the results of this research, it is better to use the density core obtained of asphalt layer implemented in determine the percentage of empty space asphalt layer.

The aim of the present study is firstly to evaluate the relationship between drivers' risk-taking and driving offenses among drivers in 20 provinces of Iran using a survey based on a questionnaire study regarding demographic characteristics, risk-taking behavior, habits and safety information of drivers. Then, the relationship between drivers' risk-taking and related offenses is assessed using statistical tests such as Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and U-Mann-Whitney. Finally, K-means clustering analysis is taken into consideration based on the relationship between drivers' risk-taking and driving offenses. In addition, the responses of drivers through increasing fines have been studied? Whether or not drivers agree or disagree has led to the classification of their behavioral characteristics and risk-taking behavior. Therefore, results showed that drivers were classified into four clusters based on behavioral characteristics in risk-taking and risk acceptance using the K-means clustering analysis. Clusters 1, 2, and 3 were named relatively high-risk, low-risk, and safe groups, respectively, and cluster 4 was named unsafe or high-risk group. Thus, clusters 3, 2 and 1 agreed on the effect of fines on the number of accidents, while clusters 4 opposed this effect, respectively. The safe cluster characteristics could be expressed as follows: At any time, drivers were careful about driving rules. At crossroads, they followed the right of way for others. At any time, they paid attention to driving traffic signs. When they approached the crossroad and saw the yellow lights, they stopped and they did not overtake the vehicle moving uphill. However, in the fourth cluster or unsafe cluster, the behavioral characteristics were totally contrary to the safe cluster's drivers.

Demand for travel in Tehran, in line with the movement of people to work, increases in the morning from different areas to the city center and in the evening from the center to other areas. , an area including Shahid Hemmat Highway has been examined. Based on the simulation in Aimsun software, according to traffic input information such as vehicle volumes, vehicle dimensions, vehicle speed, physical parameters including delay, speed, travel time, mileage and fuel consumption index has been extracted. First, traffic volumes were counted at different times of the day and traffic information, including peak hours, was obtained from traffic volume information. In the next step, the speed of the vehicles,, after drawing the researched network in the software environment, the collected information including the equivalent rides, speed and capacity has been entered into the Aimsun software. Then, the current situation of the study area is compared with the proposed scenario, ie allocating a lane from solitude to crowded direction. Based on the simulation results, it was found that at the peak of the morning, the conversion path to 5 lines from 4 lines and the return path conversion from 4 lines to 3 lines improve performance indicators including latency, speed, travel time, density.At the peak of the evening, if the route is changed from 4 lines to 3 lines and the return path from 4 lines to 5 lines, it will improve performance indicators

Rail transport is an industry that has a significant impact on the economy of any country by expanding economic activities, increasing national production, improving and developing the infrastructure of the rail industry. Accordingly, the importance of recognizing the railway industry for more industrial development and competition with developed countries has made us aware of the attitudes, social behaviors and personalities of consumers by using appropriate strategies to reduce cognitive inconsistencies and change attitudes. Consumers took advantage of rail transportation and increased the capacity of the industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to design a model to change the attitude of consumers of rail transport services with emphasis on the theory of cognitive inconsistency. The method of this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative part, the semi-structured interview method with the help of experts and in the quantitative part, the paired questionnaire method and its distribution among the statistical population of the rail transport industry have been used. In qualitative research, by performing the thematic coding method (theme), the theoretical model was reached and then effective variables were calculated through Demetel and fuzzy ANP methods. They are variables of environmental factors.

The importance of environmental protection in the construction of pavement has led to that in recent years the warm mix asphalt technology as a new method has always been to reduce environmental damage and reduce the cost of manufacturing and it recognizes as an environment-friendly technology, and this be used. This technology has the advantage of reducing the temperature of mixing and compaction and other benefits, has a weak point of moisture susceptibility and rutting. The use of anti-stripping additives is one of the ways to improve the moisture resistance of these types of asphalt mixtures. This research was conducted with the aim of using different percentages of Gilsonite as a modifier in warm mix asphalt (WMA) and also to investigate its effect on functional properties especially the moisture sensitivity of warm mix asphalt. In order to investigate the effect of Gilsonite on reducing moisture sensitivity, the Lottman modified test were used and also, the resilient modulus and dynamic creep testing were used to investigate the performance properties, which the results showed that Gilsonite due to its inorganic compounds increased bond adhesion of bitumen and aggregate. Also, it has the characteristics of an anti-stripping material and could be causing to increase the life of the warm mix asphalt against moisture damage in wet areas. furthermore, the results of the dynamic creep test indicated that Gilsonite significantly increased the asphalt mixture resistance against the rutting and it was an appropriate additive to prevent the rutting of asphalt mixture in the tropical region (south of the country).

This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive analysis procedure for predicting the reliability of the railway industry in order to identify the factors affecting the reliability and obtain a more accurate estimate. This study will also help railway industry managers to better understand the importance of reliability and optimize important performance indicators in the railway industry and to understand the advances that can be made to improve reliability in the railway industry. This study also presents a comprehensive allocation framework with regard to the features of a passenger railway system and possible alternatives; In addition to system reliability, the proposed process can allocate life cycle costs and service reliability to determine the optimal investment plan for designing or updating the rail system. This comprehensive approach can help the rail industry in predicting the reliability of systems and subsystems and identifying the ideal balance between cost, reliability and timing of passenger trains in order to achieve optimal rail system design.

The addition of fibers with different physical and strength properties has different effects on the strength properties of jointed concrete pavements at rupture and also on the residual flexural strength of the pavement. This study investigates the separate and comparative effect of micro and macro synthetic fibers on the strength properties of jointed concrete pavements, considering the residual flexural strength of the pavement. For this purpose, the effect of adding two types of macro fibers and one type of micro fiber in the content of 1, 2, and 3 kg/m3 on compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural performance after cracking of concrete pavement were investigated. The results showed that micro fibers in all consumption contents have the least effect on the strength properties of pavement compared to macro fibers. Also, the addition of macro fibers did not have a significant effect on the compressive strength, but the splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and residual flexural strength of pavement were significantly increased. The effect of macro fibers on improving the splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture of pavement occurred at dosage rates higher than 2 kg/m3. However, the most significant increase in the equivalent flexural strength ratio of fiber reinforced concrete pavement occurred in the range of 1 to 2 kg/m3, and by adding higher contents of macro fibers, the increasing growth trend of residual flexural strength decreased. It was founded that macro fibers have the most excellent effect on flexural strength and residual flexural strength of the pavement. Also, the performance of twisted and continuously embossed macro fibers in all dosage rates was approximately the same.

The production of industrial waste has increased greatly in recent decades due to rapid industrial developments. On the other hand, serious environmental issues have been caused by excessive use of natural resources. Plastic bottles are one of the waste materials that may degrade very slowly and cause the highest level of pollution. Due to the properties of ethylene vinyl acetate and the properties of HDPE, they can be used as bitumen modifiers. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of EVA in asphalt mixture containing HDPE, to investigate the dynamic characteristics of modified asphalt with optimal use of recycled plastic. The results of dynamic tests of stiffness modulus (at 25°C), fatigue (at 20°C) and Repeated Load Axial (RLA) (at 40 and 60°C) showed that the mixture containing these additives after rest and Loading had good elasticity and resistance. The results of the tests showed that adding HDPE and increasing the amount of EVA additive improved rutting distress, increased fatigue life and resilient modulus of asphalt mixture. The mixing plan containing 4% of HDPE and 3% of EVA was the best mixture to improve the studied properties. Due to the fact that the desired mixture is very sensitive to temperature changes and loses its elasticity at high temperature, the use of two additives (HDPE and EVA) is more desirable in areas with moderate and cold climates.

Failure to pay attention to the difference in drivers' perceptions of danger in collision warning systems increases unnecessary warnings. In this research, a model based on connected vehicle technology and based on driver behavior is presented. In the proposed model, the system is activated based on risk perception index. Situations that are potentially dangerous are then identified using a neural network. In the next step, the brake acceleration difference is calculated using an adaptive neural fuzzy estimator between two situations when the driver receives a warning or he does not. Finally, based on the driver's brake history, he will be warned. The results are evaluated on NGSIM benchmark data set, which contains more than 11 million records of driving behavior of about 3300 drivers, using MATLAB software. The accuracy of the system in detecting potential risk situations is 97% .The accuracy of the warning system is 98%. Accordingly, the proposed model increases the driver's confidence and customizes warning system based on driving behavior by eliminating unnecessary warnings.

One of the most fundamental effects of social issues in a society is to investigate the role of social networks in the distribution of cultural and recreational trips. The research method was a survey and the statistical population of the research includes the residents of Tehran metropolis. The sample size for the unlimited statistical population was calculated to be 850 people. The data collection tool was in the form of a questionnaire, and data had been collected and evaluated using SPSS software. Also, the role of factors affecting the distribution of recreational and cultural trips was examined by Factor analysis with the KMO test. In this travel distribution, the influence of factors such as the Internet, family, friends and colleagues was investigated. Factors such as age, family, colleagues, even advertisements and the environment of entertainment and cultural centers were investigated. The results showed that the age range of the clients was between 20-40 years and most of the clients were employees and all the factors had high reliability. Also, factors such as age, education, occupation, gender did not have a significant effect on the choice of entertainment and cultural centers.

Urban transportation networks are among critical urban infrastructures. The importance and expansion of this network increase the possibility of occurrence of malicious attacks and random failures. Network robustness is the capability of the network to perform continuously in various situation including crisis and disorder. Vulnerability is the opposite of the robustness concept. Considering the financial and operational constraints to enhance the robustness of an urban transportation network, identification of critical nodes whose removal leads to plunge in network connectivity is necessary. In this study the behavior of urban transportation networks against malicious attacks and random failures is assessed. The results reveal that urban transportation networks are vulnerable against malicious attacks. Besides, identification of critical nodes is not possible by using a unique index and should be done by opting appropriate indices based on the severity of disorder. The developed method in this research can be applied to other transportation networks.

In this paper, using rice husk ash (RHA) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) as filler was evaluated. The main aim of replacing mineral filler is enhancing the performance of asphalt mixes and producing an economical asphalt mix. For this purpose, five different mixes were prepared; the first was a control mix (traditional mix) containing 100% Lime Stone Dust (LSD) as filler and 0% RHA. While, the other mixes contain 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of RHA as a percentage of the filler weight. Optimum bitumen content (OBC) was determined using Marshall test, also all Marshall parameters (Stability, Air Voids, Voids in Mineral Aggregate, Unit Weight and Flow) were examined. Indirect Tensile Strength Test (ITST) and Wheel Tracking Test (WTT) were conducted and their results were analyzed. Dynamic modulus (│E*│) is considered an important parameter used in mechanistic-empirical pavement design. The │E*|is measured at different temperature/frequency combinations. Dynamic modulus (│E*│) and phase angle (δ) are used for the visco- elastic characterization of HMA. Thus, these properties were measured for mixes with and without RHA. The results indicate that RHA has the potential to be used as partial substitution of mineral filler LSD in pavement construction. Adding RHA enhances Marshall stiffness, reduces rut depth and increases indirect tensile strength values. Further, a significant change has been occurred in OBC for all mixes and the optimum replacement ratio is recorded as 50% RHA: 50% LSD. Finally, mixes containing RHA show higher dynamic modulus values and flow number.