فصلنامه روان شناسی افراد استثنایی
پیاپی 48 (زمستان 1401)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is originally a behavioral disorder that begins in childhood and could continue into adolescence and even middle age if appropriate therapies are not used. The aim of the present research was to design a structural model of the severity of a child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on family functioning and mother-child interaction with the mediating role of marital satisfaction in mothers dwelling in Tehran. In this survey, the statistical population consists of hyperactive male children along with their mothers in Tehran in 2021, among them 212 people were selected through purposive sampling method. The research tools are McMaster Epstein et al. (1978) family functioning questionnaires, Dragatis and Ziklzorak's mental health (1973), Connor, Arhad, and Sparrow's severity of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (1999), and Enrich's marital satisfaction from Olson, Fornier, and Derakman (1987). The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that all direct paths were significant (P> 0.05), except family functioning path to severity of child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In addition, indirect paths of family functioning with the severity of child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with the mediating role of marital satisfaction (P< 0/01), and also, mental health with the severity of child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with the mediating role of marital satisfaction (P< 0/01), were significant. According to the results, the proposed model benefited from having a good model fit and has taken an important step towards understanding the factors affecting the severity of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the antecedents and consequences of executive functions in adolescents with conduct Disorder in the form of a causal model. The research method was descriptive research and correlation design. The statistical population of the research included first secondary school boys studying in Qom city in 2021. From this community, 451 people who were diagnosed with conduct disorder using the Children Symptom inventory (SCI-4) and were willing to cooperate were selected using Convenience Sampling. To collect data, the questionnaire of parenting style, executive functions and Callous–unemotional traits was used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the correlation matrix showed that there was a significant correlation between the research variables at the level of P>0.01 and P>0.05. Further, the results of the path analysis indicated the significance of the mediating role of executive functions in the relationship between parenting methods and Callous–unemotional traits. In general, the executive functions and parenting methods are two of the main factors for investigating Callous–unemotional traits.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a positive online parenting program on cold executive functions in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population included all parents of children aged 7 to 12 years who referred to rehabilitation and psychological centers in Tehran in 2020-2021 and received attention-hyperactivity disorder based on the opinion of experts. By available sampling method, 30 children with an average age of 7 to 12 years were selected and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 experimental and control. The experimental group received a positive parenting program online in 8 sessions. Attention registration test, N- BACK test, Stroop test and Wisconsin card test were used to evaluate the cold executive functions. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covriance SPSS-25 software. Findings showed that a positive parenting program had a significant effect on improving sustained attention, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control (P <0.05) and had no significant effect on working memory (P> 0.05). Accordingly, it can be said that the use of positive parenting online in the time of the outbreak of Covid-19 can be considered by specialists and ADHD children's treatment centers and for families who can not visit the centers in person can benefit from this intervention.

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the psychometric properties of the anxiety scale of children with autism spectrum disorder (parent form). The method of the current research was a correlational description. The statistical population of the present study was all children with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran city who were referred to autism education and rehabilitation centers in 2022. 315 children (193 boys and 122 girls) were selected using available sampling method. After translating and obtaining the opinions of experts and subjects, the face validity of the scale was confirmed. AMOS and SPSS software were used for statistical analysis. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that in the sample of Iranian children with autism spectrum disorder, the four-factor structure of the scale including performance anxiety, anxiety arousal, separation anxiety and uncertainty had a good fit with the data. The results related to the correlation between this scale and the Spence anxiety scale experimentally supported the convergent validity of the anxiety scale of children with autism spectrum disorder. The internal consistency coefficients of the whole scale and subscales of functional anxiety, anxiety arousal, separation anxiety and uncertainty were obtained as 0.79, 0.78, 0.81, 0.76 and 0.82, respectively. Overall, the results of the present study showed that the anxiety scale of children with autism spectrum disorder is a valid and reliable tool for measuring anxiety in Iranian children with autism spectrum disorder. This tool can be used to measure anxiety in Research and treatment sections.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of perceived social support and vitality in the relationship between psychological capital and life expectancy in women with mentally-motor disabled children in Neishabur city. The present research method is descriptive and correlation type. The research population was all women with mentally and physically disabled children in Neishabur city in 2021 then 205 of whom were available as a statistical sample. To collect data, Zimet et al.'s perceived social support (1988), Snyder et al.'s life expectancy questionnaire (1991), Lutans psychological capital questionnaire (2007), and Ryan and Frederick's vitality questionnaire (1997) were used. Pearson's correlation test and path analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that psychological capital had a direct effect on life expectancy (0.89) and indirectly through social support on life expectancy (0.04) (p-value <0.01). Also, the results indicated that vitality did not play a mediating role in the relationship between psychological capital and life expectancy in women with mentally-motor disabled children (p-value<0.05). Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the relationship between psychological capital and life expectancy of women with mentally-motor disabled children is not a simple linear relationship and social support can mediate this relationship.

One of the most important issues in blind people is their memory and auditory processing. The purpose of this research was to systematically review the researches conducted in the field of auditory processing and types of memory of blind people compared to sighted people. The method of this research was a systematic review of 26 articles in the years 1388-1395 and 2004-2022 in the field of research related to memory and auditory processing of blind people compared to sighted people using Google Scholar, Eric, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, as well as Magiran, SID, Comprehensive Humanities Portal, Iran Doc, Noormags with the keywords of blindness, visual impairment, auditory processing, sighted and congenitally blind were used and selected for systematic reviews. The findings showed that out of 1381 sample groups, 48 percent were blind and 715 sighted participated. 30% of the studies in the field of short-term memory, 33% in the field of auditory-verbal memory, 15% in working memory, 11% in spatial memory, 7% in olfactory memory and 4% in numerical memory compared blind and sighted people. The findings indicated that, in general, in short-term memory, auditory-verbal memory, and working memory, the performance of blind people was better than that of sighted people. In the field of spatial memory, the results were inconsistent, and there was no significant difference between the olfactory memory of blind and sighted people. In terms of numerical memory, the performance of sighted people was better. In general, it is better to conduct more research focusing on one type of memory so that all aspects of it can be clarified.

The aim of the current research was Evaluation of effectiveness of Lindamood phonological sequence program on sustained attention of students with dyslexia. The method of research was semi experimental. In order to conduct this study, 30 students with dyslexia who referred to the Center for Learning Disabilities in Larestan were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Then, IVA-2 test (2018) was performed as a pre-test for both groups. Lindamood phonological sequence program was also presented to the experimental group for 16 sessions of intensive intervention. Immediately after the training, the mentioned test was performed as a post-test of both groups and one month after the post-test, a follow-up period was performed for both groups. Data was analyzed by one way analysis of the variance with mixed design. The results showed that there was a significant difference in sustained attention between the two groups, so that the experimental group performed better in post-test and follow-up. Overall, the results indicate that the Lindamood phonological sequence program has improved sustained attention in students with dyslexia.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of easy mind method on planning, mental maintenance and academic achievement of students with math learning disabilities. The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population included all students referred to Bushehr Learning Disabilities Center who received a diagnosis of learning disability. Among them, 16 people (8 girls, 8 boys) who were studying in the first and second grades of elementary school were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Assessment tools included Pertussis maze test (1914), Piaget mental retention test (1969), and field researcher test to measure academic achievement. First, pre-test was performed on both groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of easy mind therapy (45 minute) intervention but the control group did not receive any intervention. After the intervention sessions, the variables were measured again to record post-test scores.The results of covariance analysis showed that between the experimental and control groups in planning (F=8.56 and P=0.011), mental maintenance (F=96.43 and P=0.001) and academic achievement (27 F=52 and P=0.001) there was a significant difference after the implementation of the Easy Mind method and this method improved planning, mental maintenance and academic progress in mathematics.Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, the use of this method by counselors, therapists and school teachers can reduce the burden of these students by affecting the three variables mentioned.