نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 46 (تابستان 1402)

Over the past few decades, we have seen a change in the view of planners and geographers from a place-based and basic attribute view to a network-based approach and based interaction. Therefore, rural and urban areas cannot be examined separately in studies and planning. And it needs to be checked in a network way. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to identify spatial flows between urban and rural relations in Zanjan city. The present research is based on the nature of discovery and based on the method, descriptive-analytical. The required data and information have been collected using the field method, questioning technique and with the questionnaire tool and the information of different administrative agencies of the city. In the next step, the collected data and information are analyzed in the NodeXL software environment. The results of the research showed that the city of Zanjan is in the first position of attracting flows within and outside the city due to its high level of services, shopping and selling market, in the city of Zanjan, so that all flows go to the city of Zanjan. It has become polar and is the strongest current in the city. Also, the results of the flow analysis indicate that the flow pattern is one-way relations towards Zanjan city and complementary, two-way and synergistic links have not been formed at the city level. This pattern is in accordance with the growth pole theory and is still far from the regional network pattern.

Today, information and communication technology has extensive effects on economic and social variables at the micro and macro level, among which what is most important is its impact on economic growth and the issue of employment and unemployment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of selected indicators of information and communication technology (FAVA) on the economic growth and unemployment of MENA countries. For this purpose, this research is specified and estimated based on the econometric model in the framework of panel data using fixed effects (FE) and the FGLS model for the years 2000 to 2019. The findings show that the variables of Internet penetration rate and mobile phone SIM card subscription rate have a significant positive effect on the economic growth and increase in the real per capita income of MENA countries, and on the other hand, they have a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate of these countries; The fixed internet (and fixed telephone) subscription rate variable does not have a significant effect on the economic growth and unemployment rate of these countries. Also, according to the results, economic growth has a negative and significant effect on the unemployment rate, and Okan's law is true in these countries. Although the coefficient of calculation in this research is less than the value of Okan's calculation and this indicates the importance that the growth of GDP in MENA countries is less job-creating, which can be due to the fact that the economic growth of these countries is due to oil and natural resources. knew Therefore, it is necessary to increase the penetration rate of the Internet among the citizens of the MENA region, international institutions (World Bank, United Nations, etc.) should support the weak countries of the MENA region by granting free and low-interest loans in order to expand ICT. Because it reduces the exchange cost and has many positive external effects.

Creating quality living spaces is a prerequisite for any living complex. Developments that are carried out for the formation of settlements can be successful and achieve their ultimate goal, which is to achieve a high quality of life, when a correct plan is prepared for them from the beginning and the development is carried out based on it and goes in line with it. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the quality of urban space and the pattern of land separation in Ardabil city (Niyar neighborhood with a mixed (chess-organic) pattern). The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and based on structural equation modeling. Data collection was done through a questionnaire with 6 indicators (access, spatial and physical, transportation, mental comfort, security, enjoyment of the neighborhood) and 35 items based on the responses of the residents of Nayar neighborhood in Ardabil city and with a sample size of 120 people. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS, Smart-PLS software. The results of path coefficient analysis and one-sample t-test showed that the variables (security at night, outdoor safety, access to services, speed of cars in the neighborhood, space for car parking, inspiring space in the neighborhood, common open space between the house and neighbors) Children's play direction, mental comfort, the amount of public open space, parking of strangers' cars in front of the house, plant diversity in the park, and the integrity and continuity of the facade of the buildings in the neighborhood) have the highest amount of statistics, respectively (1.97, 2/18, 2/58, 2/07, 4/85, 13/64, 2/35, 2/27, 11/25, 2/12, 5/18, 2/28, 2/32) and the rest The variables have less effect, which shows the dissatisfaction of the people of this neighborhood with the quality of the urban space. Also, based on the results of the Pearson test, there is a positive and significant correlation between the variable of land segregation patterns and the quality of urban space. The obtained significance level is (0.024) and this relationship is unidirectional and strong according to the correlation (.466). Therefore, by identifying and evaluating the indicators of the quality of urban space according to the segregation pattern from the point of view of citizens, city managers can promote and improve the conditions and environmental quality of residents.

High construction and demographic congestions, low quality of buildings in the body of communication networks and high degree of surrounding and so on lead to loss of sustainability of living environments and an increase in the number of human waste and financial damages in cases of crisis, especially earthquakes. This thesis is basically aimed at identifying the vulnerable places toward natural disasters as well as safe places at the time of occurrence of crisis for temporary residence and analyzing the role of effective factors in vulnerability of urban zones against earthquake.In this study, 7 indices, namely access to healthcare centers, degree of surrounding, construction congestion, demographic congestion, land usage, building longevity and building quality have been adopted, and vulnerability of the zones against earthquake was examined by means of GIS. Results suggest that old textures of Nasimshahr and body of the passages with high construction and demographic congestions, building low quality, too much distance from relief centers vis-à-vis other bodies and high degree of surrounding are highly vulnerable and will therefore have worse condition in crises. Among the zones, initial core of formation of Nasimshahr is the worst in terms of vulnerability and should be prioritized for crisis management in planning.Thus, 70% of residential textures of Nasimshahr are severely vulnerable; almost 20% of them lies within vulnerable limit, and only 10% lies within the less vulnerable limit. Therefore, the research hypothesis concerning vulnerability of the residential textures and variation of the regional vulnerability due to such characteristics as passage width,congestion,material applied in the buildings,against natural disasters is verified.

In general, the market is one of the old civil institutions and the cornerstone of people's economic lives. The Covid-19 pandemic, which first was found in Wuhan, China in 2019, has negatively affected professions. So businesses have tried to prevent the pandemic or decrease its destructive consequences by observing Sanitary protocols. In this regard, the present research sets out to assess the desirability evaluation of professions in coastal cities from the aspect of observance Covid-19 disease sanitary protocols by 25 indicators among 18 professions in city of port Mahshahr. This research is an applied study and an assessment-survey method by emphasis on the questionnaire was used. A sample 362 of professions was recruited and the sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula. Kolmogrov-Smirnov test as well as one-sample t-test were used to examine normality of data distribution and research variables, respectively. Moreover, Shanon Entropy as well as WASPAS methods were applied for weighting variables and grading professions, respectively. The results of one-sample t-test illustrated that observing health protocols among professions (1.009) as well as constant supervision of the guild inspectors (4.43) were in the medium level. The results of grading research variables among professions using the WASPAS method suggested that grocery stores (0.625) as well as tyre and battery-sellers (0.82) received the highest and lowest grades, respectively. While, dressmakers and hairdressers (0.425) as well as catering businesses (0.131) got the second and third grades, respectively.

The rapid increase in population and the lack of suitable land for development, and on the other hand, the lack of clarity of urban development policies in macro and local dimensions, have caused temporary and local solutions such as the creation of high-rise buildings to be proposed. Despite the increase in urban land per capita, these buildings have caused negative effects in different dimensions due to the lack of proper planning and design. Considering the importance of the subject, the aim of the current research is to investigate the physical-environmental consequences by the increase in high-rise construction in Tabriz metropolis and to provide suggestions for the construction of future buildings. The research method in the current research is mixed (combination of quantitative-qualitative methods) with an applied purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature, in order to analyze the information, structural equation modeling was used in Amos software. The statistical population of the research includes the citizens of regions 1, 2 and 5 of Tabriz, that is, the residents around Aftab Towers in Valiasr (region 1), Asman towers in El Goli (region 2) and Mehr towers in Roshdieh (region 5), which is in line with determining the volume Cochran's sampling method was used and the sample size was determined to be 384 people. The findings of the research show that the most important physical-environmental consequences caused by high-rise construction in Tabriz metropolis are related to air pollution components, surrounding functions and uses, and visual effects. Also, among the sub-components, the most important consequences are related to reducing the capacity of the road network, increasing air pollution, imposing additional pressure and load on urban facilities and services, and visual disruption, for which the value of the structural model is 0.91, 0.85, 0.77 and 0.71 respectively.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model of a health-oriented city in the direction of livability in region one of Tehran. The purpose of this research is basic-applied research that on the one hand with documentary-library studies to study the dimensions, definitions and theoretical framework of the research and on the other hand with accurate field observations to collect the necessary data and information in the area. The case studies lead to research questions. After determining the dimensions and indicators of the research (in the form of dual dimensions), the data were analyzed using Lisrel software and factor analysis test; and for the final approval of the information model, we entered it in Smart PLS software and proceeded to confirm the model. The results of the analyzes showed that all relationships were confirmed with 99% confidence and none of the indicators had a factor load of less than 0.5 and the significance coefficient of all indicators was confirmed and the factor load of all questions was higher than 0.7. All indicators were confirmed for homogeneity with variables. the validity of the structure including convergent validity was examined; also, the results of the existing evaluations showed that the Institutional-Managerial dimension with the greatest impact in the first place are the indicators of achieving a healthy and livable city. Then the Physical-Environmental dimensions and Urban Economy in the second priority, and respectively the Urban Community dimension, Urban History dimension, Environmental dimension in the third priority, from the perspective of the greatest impact on the dimensions of a healthy city in order to achieve livability in district one of Tehran.

Paying attention to urban regeneration regarding the old neighborhoods of Isfahan city can bring environmental responsibility and increase the level of identity and belonging among citizens, which in this regard, creative tourism can facilitate its achievement.As the aim of this research, this study seeks to investigate the role of creative tourism in the regeneration and development of tourism in the historical context of Isfahan city. The current research is based on library studies and field investigations in terms of developmental-applicative goal and in terms of descriptive-analytical methodology. To achieve the objectives of the research, indicators in two parts: 1- creative tourism indicators including 5 categories (social capital, quality of life, tourism talent, physical infrastructure and tourism experience) and 2- regeneration indicators in 4 categories (social, economic, cultural and physical) were extracted. In the following, to present the creative tourism development model and its effect on the development process of the city of Isfahan, using the questionnaire tool and with a sample size of 383 people, and using spss software, the work process continued. Creative was analyzed in Geoda software. In the process of urban network analysis, tools (Network Analyst Tools) have been used in the ArcGIS software environment to produce maps. The results showed that the status of 5 indicators of creative tourism at the level of the historic sites of Isfahan city is good, and only in the physical infrastructure sector, there is a lack of feeling, but the situation of the regeneration indicators of the historical sites of Isfahan city is completely inappropriate. Comparing the average state of tourism development Among the different urban localities, the creative also shows that the highest is related to Dardasht and Togchi localities with averages of 16.41 and 15.90, respectively, and the lowest is related to Kangaz and Kardalan localities, respectively, with averages of It was 12/18 and 13/84.Soil erosion is a global problem that threatens water and soil resources and land use change is one of the important factors in soil erosion intensification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of land use change on soil erosion in Razeychay watershed of Meshginshahr located in Ardabil province. First, Landsat images of the study area in May 1999, and 2019 and were obtained from USGS website. In the image processing stage, atmospheric and radiometric corrections have been conducted, and then the land use maps of the study area has been prepared for study years using support vector machine (SVM) as a supervised classification method. Then, the RUSLE model was used to estimate the amount of erosion in the two time span. SPSS, Excel, Arc GIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to spatial analysis and data processing.

The 20th century has focused on facilitating the movement of motor vehicles in planning transportation and traffic in cities. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the travel behavior of citizens and prepare a conceptual framework about travel behavior. The purpose of this research is to explain the model of the public transportation network based on the travel behavior of citizens, so this research is of a fundamental type and based on the theory derived from the data (foundational data theory) which is an inductive and exploratory research method. Is. The first information was collected through library documents, including the study of other researches, as well as existing theoretical frameworks and transportation network patterns in different cities and countries, field observations (questionnaires), semi-structured interviews, and note-taking. The statistical population of the research was 389 people, including 202 men and 187 women. The results indicate that men travel more frequently for work, entertainment and physical training than women. On the contrary, women make more shopping trips than men. With increasing age, older people choose walking as the main mode of travel, and fewer people choose bicycles or cars for travel. Also, factors such as access to public transportation (0.266), transportation demand management (0.195), bicycle and pedestrian conditions (0.123) have the greatest impact on the movement pattern of citizens.

In this study, we analyzed the spatial–temporal trends of land use dynamics from 2000 to 2021 using remote sensing data. The image classification was based on three main land use classes, i.e. forest, artificial areas (agriculture and built-up), and other natural areas (bare lands, grassland, plantation, shrubland, water bodies, and woodlands). Maps of land use changes in the area for 2000-2021 show that built-up areas have increased by 9.3%. In contrast, forest and other natural areas decreased by 7.1% and 2.2%, respectively. In addition, an integrated CA-ANN (Artificial Neural Networks- Cellular Automata) model was used to predict land use changes from 2021–2042. The percentage of correctness for the simulation was 91%, and the overall kappa value was 0.86. Similar to the classified maps in 2000-2021, the prediction maps from 2021–2042 illustrated increasing trends in built-up areas by 4.7% and decreasing trends in the forest by 4.26% and other natural areas by 0.4%. In this work, we implemented ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to predict land cover changes in the study area as a function of explanatory variables [elevation, slope, and proximity variables - distance to the city center, roads, villages, and streams-]. The results of the OLS models showed a relatively good performance for predicting land use changes with an R-squared value greater than 0.5. These results provide important knowledge that can help develop future sustainable management and planning and help managers make informed decisions to improve environmental and ecological conditions.

The optimal zoning of urban development directions based on environmental capabilities is one of the most important urban development planning; choosing the right urban development direction may make a city face fewer challenges and problems in the future, including natural hazards. It may also cause urban development may be done properly. Considering the significance of the subject, the present study aims to zone the areas prone to the development of settlements in the boundaries and outskirts of Poldokhter city. According to the subject and objectives, SRTM 30 meters high digital model, a 1:100000 geological map of Iran’s Geological Organization, a Landsat satellite image, and digital layers of information were employed as research data. The most important research instruments were Arc GIS (to prepare the desired maps) and Expert Choice (to implement the AHP model). Also, in this research, fuzzy logic models (to fuzzify the layers and also to combine the information layers, and prepare the final map) and AHP (to weigh the information layers) were used. As the results indicated, many parts of the urban area and outskirts of Poldokhter are lowly suitable for urban development. These areas, mainly including the northern regions of Poldokhtar urban area, have little potential for the physical development of residential areas due to the high elevation and slope, being in the mountain units and the alluvial valley. Accordingly, only parts of the southern areas of Poldokhter city are susceptible to the physical development of residential areas due to the low elevation and slope and being in the plain unit.