نشریه قضاوت و تصمیم گیری در حسابداری
پیاپی 6 (تابستان 1402)

One purpose of accrual accounting is to mitigate the timing and matching problems inherent in cash flows. Cash flows have timing and matching properties that impair their ability to measure performance. Net cash receipts and payments can occur in periods that differ from the economic event (the timing or spreading problem), and cash inflows and outflows from a given economic event might occur in different periods (the matching problem). The economic role of accruals is to mitigate these timing and matching issues. These problems cause temporary fluctuations in cash flows. Accruals smooth temporary timing fluctuations in operating cash flows and thus it is expected to find a negative correlation between accruals and changes in cash flows. It is also expected that the negative correlation between accruals and cash-flow changes grows as cash flow problems intensify because accruals will increasingly counteract cash flow changes as a firm’s cash flows increasingly stray from desired properties.According to Dechow et al. (1998), the negative serial correlation in cash flow changes shows the cash flow timing and matching problem. The timing and matching problems of cash flows counteract each other. The timing problem leads to a positive serial correlation in cash flow changes. While the matching problem leads to a negative serial correlation in cash flow changes. According to Dechow et al. (1998) model,  the serial correlation in cash flow changes is a function of operating cash cycle and profit margin and the magnitude of negative serial correlation in cash flow changes depends on the relative magnitude of the operating cash cycle and the profit margin.  The longer the operating cash cycle and the smaller the profit margin, the negative serial correlation in cash flow changes is more severe. So it is expected that the negative correlation between accruals and cash-flow changes grow as the negative serial correlation in cash flow changes is severe (longer operating cash cycle and smaller profit margin). This study investigates the extent to which accruals are reconciled whit their ultimate purpose in mitigating timing and matching problems inherent in cash flows. A sample of 153 firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE),,is analyzed using panel data regression models. we observed that there is a negative correlation between accruals and cash-flow changes and this negative correlation increases as the timing and matching problems of cash flows become more severe. The results of this study show that accruals are used to mitigate timing and matching problems of cash flow and firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange use accruals more when there are more problems with cash flows.

Stock price informativeness, as a measure of the future state of the company to express information that is not easily accessible to outsiders is very attractive among investors and capital market analysts. In addition, if entities can base their financial decisions on stock prices; They will be able to reduce the differences between market factors and information about the company and achieve a consistent pattern in their strategic decisions. To achieve this goal, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between social responsibility disclosure,  Stock price informativeness with emphasis on the mediating role of corporate governance. For this purpose, the data of 186 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and using a regression model based on composite data and using Eviews8 software has been tested. The statistical results of testing the research hypotheses show that there is a positive and significant relationship between corporate social responsibility and Stock price informativeness and corporate governance. Therefore, the mediating role of corporate governance is approved. Therefore, in companies with higher social responsibility, the impact of corporate social responsibility and corporate governance on, Stock price informativeness is stronger at the same time.Research innovation: This research is the first research that has examined the relationship between disclosure of social responsibility and stock price informativeness in Iran as a developing country. The present research helps to develop science and knowledge in this field.

Behavioral finance is one of the main factors of market defects, which focuses on the systematic occurrence of decision-making errors by investors and managers, and studies how investors and managers make systematic and mental errors in their judgments, and expresses the lack of rational behavior of investors in the capital market, which leads to The creation of stock price differences is due to its intrinsic value. The purpose of the current research is to analyze the anatomy of noisy transactions and pricing errors caused by the entry of uninformed traders. The statistical population of this research is the companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange and its statistical sample includes the data of 113 companies. The sampling method was systematic elimination. The method used to estimate the model is the multivariate regression method using the combined data method. The research results show that noise trading has a positive and significant effect on the level of stock pricing error. Also, the pricing error is different at different levels of noise trading; That is, the more the noise, the more the pricing error. This is despite the fact that in addition to the fluctuations of noise transactions, the B/M ratio also affects it. In other words, the pricing error is different at different levels of B/M ratio. As a result, according to the results of the research, the entry of uninformed traders in the stock market creates noise and causes the deviation of the stock price.

Corporate credit rating facilitates investment decision by comparing their credit risk with each other, On the other hand, the rate of the company determines the cost of financing in capital market.This study investigates the effects of the disclosure of related party transactions on firms’ credit ratings. Therefore, in order to test the research hypothesis, a sample of 105 firms was selected from the firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2016 to 2020 . the hypotheses were tested using regression method on panel data. The results showed that the f Related Party Transactions Disclosure and Credit Ratings, there is a negative significant relationship And these transactions will reduce the credit rating of the company. It is therefore recommended that financial analysts and rating agents evaluate the effects of these transactions and incorporate them into their valuation and credit rating models.

Psychological traits have a significant effect on auditors' perception of ethics, the unethical behavior of earnings management harms their credibility by showing the financial status of companies unreal.The audit report is the result of the assurance process for the financial statements, which can be influenced by the auditors' personality traits. This article has investigated the effect of auditors' personality dimensions on earnings management. Data related to the variable of personality dimensions using the test of five main personality components, including extroversion , neuroticism, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness has been measured through the five-factor questionnaire of Neo McCree & Costa. Adjusted Jones model has been used to measure earnings management variable. The statistical population of the study consisted of the auditors (directors/partners) in the trusted audit agencies of the stocks market, besides the listed companies on the stock exchange which were audited by the said audit agencies. The information of the financial statements of these companies for 1397 has been cross-sectionally examined. The findings show that the personality dimensions of neuroticism, openness and agreeableness do not have a significant effect on earnings management. conscientious auditors are the best type of auditors to reduce earnings management and extroverted auditors increase earnings management.

This study explaining the income smoothing in terms of financing and auditor's judgment in companies with different investment opportunities. The data of 320 companies have been analyzed using eviews econometric software. Through the median value in each investment opportunity criteria, the population was classified into two groups of companies with high and low investment opportunities. Then hypotheses were tested using unstructured estimation with (OLS) and (ARMA) methods. Findings shows in companies with high investment opportunities there is a positive relationship between income smoothing and financing that are separated by the MEQLDTA criteria but in the GROWTHPPE criteria was observed a negative relationship. In companies with low investment opportunities there isn't a relationship between income smoothing and financing that are separated by the MB criteria, but in PPEQGMEQLD criteria was observed a negative relationship. The explanatory variables of the auditor's judgment in both groups have an effect on the control of income smoothing. The findings can be used to identify companies with high investment opportunities. In order to achieve the expected return, it is recommended to pay attention to the auditor's judgment and experience in controlling income smoothing and financing method of companies. By comparing the determination coefficients and Durbin Watson's statistics, it was found that in companies with high investment opportunity, the MEQLDTA criteria and in companies with low investment opportunity, the MB criteria are optimal criterias for distinguishing investments opportunities.